medicine and treatment 1350 to present

Galen
1. came up with the theory of opposites
2. his books where used in medical training for 1000s of years
3. dissected animals
4. suggested making notes and working in a scientific way
hippocrates
1. 4 houmours
2. 1st chalange of supernatural causes
3. developed treatments based on diet and rest
4. hippocratic oath
Who could you go to for treatment
1. Barber surgeon
  1. only person who did operations
2. apothecaries
  1. trained but no qualifications
  2. cheaper than a physician
3. trained physician
  1. medical training
    1. based on galen
    2. astrology
  2. don't mix medicines
4. house wife physician
  1. lady of the manor
  2. supplies traditional remidies
5. hospitals
  1. run by monks
  2. some are free
William Harvey 1628
1. discoveries
  1. blood is pumped by the heart
    1. through blood vessels
      1. capillaries
      2. arteries
      3. veins
  2. blood isn't used up
2. why he had a limited impact
  1. he couldn't prove capillaries exist
    1. he needed a better microscope
  2. Galen was trusted by everyone
3. his book was: An anatomical guide of the heart and blood in animals
What led to further progress
1. technology
  1. printing press
  2. mechanical pump
  3. new microscopes
2. authority of the catholic church decreased
3. new plants and land where discoverd
What held back progress
1. religion
  1. The church still controlled some education
  2. The church discouraged dissection
2. people like to believe that supernatural things effect there life
3. some things did make people feel better
Vesalius 1543
1. Wrote: the fabric of the human body
  1. critisised by supporters of Galen
2. proved Galen wrong about some parts of anatomy
  1. jaw bone
problems in the 1800s
1. diseases
  1. cholera
  2. diptheria
  3. small pox
  4. tuberculosis
  5. typhoid
2. childbirth
  1. high death rate
3. conditions
  1. sewage
    1. gardens would flood with sewage
    2. sewers often overflow
  2. housing
    1. overcrowded
  3. air pollution
vaccinations
1. Edward Jener
  1. discovered that cow pox made you immune to small pox
    1. The royal society refused to publish his work
      1. he got a reporter to publish it
  2. impact
    1. big
      1. wiped out a whole disease
      2. showed diseases could be prevented
    2. small
      1. it only worked for small pox
2. In 1979 small pox had been wiped out
3. government action
  1. 1852 - vaccinations became compulsory
  2. Napoleon and Jefferson approved
Germ theory 1861
1. leeuwenhoek
  1. found tiny organisms
    1. he called the animalcules
    2. he didn't have a good enough microscope to study them
2. Lister
  1. developed a new microscope
3. Pasteur
  1. study at a brewery
    1. he had to find out what was making the beer go bad
    2. he found microorganisms he called germs
    3. showed that they could be killed by boiling
  2. 1860 - he disproved spontaneous generation
  3. 1860 - he questioned whether germs are linked to disease
  4. 1861 - germ theory was published
  5. he did experiments on silk worms
Robert Koch
1. he read Pasteur's work in 1875
  1. investigated the link between bacteria and disease
    1. Pasteur read Koch's work
      1. investigates the bacteria that causes cholera
        tests on chickens
        Pasteur finds that weaker strains vaccinate
2. he had funding from the German government
3. he found a way of staining bacteria
4. Pasteur and Koch team up
  1. cholera microbes idenified
  2. Find that TB is caused by microbes
Florence Nightingale
1. background
  1. from a wealthy family
  2. trained in a German nursing hospital
2. during the Crimean war - 1854
  1. she was asked to lead team of nurses
  2. she was very strict on hygine
    1. boiling sheets
    2. good food
    3. good ventilation
    4. as a consequence the death rate fell from 42% to 2%
  3. Her achievements where reported in British newspapers
3. after the Crimean war
  1. the public gave £50,000 to help set up the Nightingale School for nurses
  2. Her notes on nursing where published in 11 languages
  3. she helped set up a school for midwives
Elizabeth Garret Anderson
1. she was a nurse in the 1860s
  1. she went to lectures
    1. male students protested against this
2. she passed all the exams to become a doctor
  1. now she had to join a college
    1. college of surgeon and the college of physicians
      1. don't allow women
    2. college of apothecaries
      1. didn't specifically refuse women
      2. her farther took them to court
        she was allowed entry
        they changed their rules after so no one could copy her
3. 1876 - a law allowing women into medicine was passed
more vaccinations
1. 1896 - typhoid
2. 1906 - TB
3. 1913 - diptheria
4. 1927 - Tetanus
5. 1954 - polio
6. 1964 - measles
7. 1988 - MMR
Magic bullets
1. Salvarson 606
  1. Emil Von Behring
    1. developed koch's work
      1. isolated antitoxins
        found how to inject them into the body
  2. Paul Ehrlich
    1. Used Behring's and Koch's work
      1. combined the dyes and chemicals to try and find a cure for syphilis
    2. he recieved funding from a government
  3. Dr hata
    1. 1909 - he found that the 606th chemical was disregarded but IT WORKED
2. Prontosil
  1. Gehard Domagk
    1. 1932 - He found a dye that was effective against blood poisoning
      1. He developed prontosil
  2. the main ingredient was sulphonamide
    1. this was used as a base for many other drugs
      1. pneumonia
      2. scarlet fever
penicillin
1. Joseph Lister
  1. 1870 - used on a pacient
2. Alexander Fleming
  1. noticed that the mold was killing bacteria
3. Florey and Chain
  1. set up a team to mass produce penicillin
  2. they tested it on mice, then men
  3. Florey refused to patent it because of the war
  4. the USA funded the mass production because of the war
4. factors
  1. technoogy
    1. no UK firm had the tech to mass produce it
  2. war
    1. made the USA fund mass production
    2. The UK could't mass produce it because of the war
      1. bombing
  3. accident
    1. Fleming discoverd penicillin killed bacteria by accident
      1. he left a petri dish out with the mold in

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medicine and treatment 1350 to present

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