Ice on the Land

Ice on the Land

Last Ice Age
1. 2 million years ago
2. 30% of earth under ice
3. Ended 10,000 years ago
Local Ice Coverage
1. Glacial Budget
  1. net increase or decrease
  2. Forming - Melting
2. Zone of Accumulation
  1. Top of Valley glacier
  2. More falling than melting
    1. Amount of Ice increases
3. Zone of Abolation
  1. End of valley glacier
  2. Moves as glacier retreats
  3. More Melting than forming
    1. Ice amounts decrease
4. Sign of a glacier in the UK
  1. Terminal Morrian
    1. Tadcaster
  2. Drumlins
    1. West Coast
  3. Erosional Landforms
  4. Ice Sheet Erosion
    1. Highland Scotland
Terms
1. Glacial Period
  1. Cold/Freezing
2. Interglacial Period
  1. Warm/melting
3. Climate Shift
  1. Dramatic Change
  2. Causes
    1. Volcanic Eruption
    2. Greenhouse effect
    3. Sunspot Activity
    4. Change in ocean currents
4. Firn Ice
  1. Compressed Snow
5. Glacial Ice
  1. Compress Firn Ice
  2. Blue
6. Snow Line
  1. Above which Snow remains all year
7. Valley Glacier
  1. Top of Young Fold Mountains
  2. Ice due to altitude
  3. Faster
8. Ice Sheet
  1. Examples
    1. Greenland
  2. Flat, due to latitude
Movement Landforms
1. Lateral Morrain
  1. Sides of Glacier
    1. Deposited
    2. Eroded From
2. Medial Morrain
  1. Middle
  2. 2 merged
3. Ground Morrain
  1. Underneath Glacier
  2. Seen when Retreat
  3. Over Till
4. Terminal Morrain
  1. Buldozed
  2. End/abolation
  3. Dam for Ribbon Lake
Changes to Landscape
1. Erosion
  1. Plucking
    1. Ice freezes around Rock
    2. Glacier moves
      1. Takes Rock
    3. Increases Abrasion
  2. Abrasion
    1. Gauges Valley
    2. Caused by Rock underneath
    3. Scratches Ground
2. Weathering
  1. Freeze Thaw
    1. Into Cracks & freezes
    2. Water Expands + causes weakness
    3. Rock Chips and shatters
  2. Ice moves as one solid, cracks form
3. Movement & Transportation
  1. Rotational Slip
    1. Obstacle causes upward movement
    2. Pressure moves other side up
  2. Buldozing
    1. Material pushed in front of glacier
    2. Terminal Morrain
4. Deposition
  1. Overloaded Glacier, deposit
  2. Glacial till
  3. Bolder Clay
Erosional Landforms
1. U-shaped Trough
  1. Formed by valley Glacier
  2. Steep sides, flat bottom
  3. misfit stream
2. Arête
  1. Sharp Ridge
  2. Two valleys back to back
  3. Steep on sides
3. Corrie
  1. Hollow at top of Valley
  2. Freeze Thaw
  3. plucking
  4. Snow causes rotational slip
4. Pyramedal Peak
  1. 3 arêtes
  2. Highest point
5. Misfit Stream
  1. bottom of U-shaped trough
  2. thin
6. Hanging Valley
  1. Small Tributary Glacier
    1. suspended
  2. less ice, less deep
  3. Waterfalls
7. Truncated Spur
  1. end cut off by glacier
  2. Interlocking to edge of glacier
8. Ribbon Lake
  1. Narrow
  2. fill bottom of valley
  3. Terminal Morrain
    1. Natural Dam
9. Glacial Till
  1. sediment deposited as retreats
  2. Ground + Terminal Morrain
  3. Bolder Clay
10. Drumlins
  1. Elongated hill
  2. Larger at Head
  3. Groups of Drumlins
  4. West Coast UK
11. Erratics
  1. Rock deposited on different Rock
  2. Large Bolders
Glacial Retreat
1. Problems
  1. Not enough snow for Skiing
    1. Unsustainable Sport
  2. Tourists Unimpressed
  3. Pontresina
    1. 80m retreat in 2003
      1. Supplies Resovoir
      2. Usually 0.5 metres
2. Social Impacts
  1. Diversification
    1. Skiing Unsustainable
    2. Out migration
  2. Avalanches
    1. Pontresina
      1. Could be destroyed
3. Environmental Impact
  1. Artificial Snow
    1. Courmayeur/Geves
    2. From Lake - destroys habitat
    3. 2007 Hamenkamm
      1. From other mountains
      2. Damage Ecosystem
  2. Increased Risk of Avalanches
4. Economic Impact
  1. Banks won’t lend below 1500m
    1. Bad for small businesses
  2. Threatens Jobs
    1. Kitzbuehel
      1. Hamenkamm cancelled 2007
        Snow cost 300000 euros
        800m
Courmayeur
1. Human Uses & Problems
  1. WInter: skiing, Summer: hiking.
  2. Scenary
    1. Mont Blanc
  3. Culture
    1. Historic Village
    2. Après Ski
  4. Transport Links
    1. Geneva
    2. Milan
    3. Turin
    4. Mont Blanc Tunnel
2. Impacts of Tourism
  1. Social
    1. less out migration
    2. locals use facilities
    3. high house prices
    4. dilutes culture
    5. Peak - tourists 3:1
  2. Economic
    1. jobs for locals
    2. transport
    3. serivces
      1. water
      2. power
      3. shopping
    4. local farms loose land
    5. seasonal unemployment
  3. Environmental
    1. Awareness of environment
    2. visual pollution
      1. lifts, runs, houses
    3. vegetation stripped
    4. more cars; more acid rain
3. Potencial Risks
  1. global warming = less snow
  2. artificial snow
    1. wasteful
    2. harmful
    3. Soil erosion
    4. Avalanches
      1. noise
      2. vibration
  3. Human Problems
    1. 1.5 million people on lifts per hour
      1. Accidents
4. Management Strategies
  1. Shuttle Buses
    1. less traffic
    2. less pollution
  2. Train Link
    1. 1 in 6 tourist use it
  3. New slopes follies natural terrain
  4. Additives in fake snow banned
Pontresina, Switserland
1. Frost melting on Mount Schaftberg
2. creeping permafrost
3. trigger avalanches
  1. village barriers
  2. iron fences

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	Created by Olivia Weatherhead almost 12 years ago