116035
Description
Mind Map by Matthew Coombes, updated more than 1 year ago
|
Created by Matthew Coombes
almost 11 years ago
|
|
B6: Beyond the Microscope Pt 2
- Life in Soil
- The Components of Soil
- Soil contains mineral particles of different sizes. In a sandy soil
the particles are smaller than in a clay soil
- Loam is a soil that contains a mixture of clay and sand, and a large
amount of partly decomposed animal and plant waste called humus
- Simple experiments can be performed on different soil samples to compare the contents. Humus content can be found by
burning off the humus using a Bunsen burner. Air content can be found by seeing how much water is needed to fill the air
spaces. Water content can be found by slowly heating the soil to evaporate the water
- If a soil has larger particles, then the air content and
permeability is usually higher. If a soil has larger amounts
of humus it will often hold more water and air
- If a soil has larger particles, then the air content and
permeability is usually higher. If a soil has larger amounts
of humus it will often hold more water and air
- Simple experiments can be performed on different soil samples to compare the contents. Humus content can be found by
burning off the humus using a Bunsen burner. Air content can be found by seeing how much water is needed to fill the air
spaces. Water content can be found by slowly heating the soil to evaporate the water
- Loam is a soil that contains a mixture of clay and sand, and a large
amount of partly decomposed animal and plant waste called humus
- Soil contains mineral particles of different sizes. In a sandy soil
the particles are smaller than in a clay soil
- Living in Soil
- Many organisms live in soil and depend on a supply of oxygen for respiration
and water for chemical reactions. These organisms form many food webs
- Humus in the soil is important to living organisms
because it will decompose to release minerals, and
increase the air content of the soil
- Earthworms are also important to soil structure and fertility because they bury
organic material for decomposition by bacteria and fungi, aerate and drain the
soil, mix up soil layers and neutralise acid soil
- The aeration and draining produced by earthworms will allow organisms to respire aerobically
- Neutralising acid soils is important because some plants will not grow if
the pH is too low and mixing up soil layers is important so that dead
material is decomposed
- Many of these important functions of earthworms were first understood by Charles Darwin
- Many of these important functions of earthworms were first understood by Charles Darwin
- Neutralising acid soils is important because some plants will not grow if
the pH is too low and mixing up soil layers is important so that dead
material is decomposed
- The aeration and draining produced by earthworms will allow organisms to respire aerobically
- Earthworms are also important to soil structure and fertility because they bury
organic material for decomposition by bacteria and fungi, aerate and drain the
soil, mix up soil layers and neutralise acid soil
- Humus in the soil is important to living organisms
because it will decompose to release minerals, and
increase the air content of the soil
- Many organisms live in soil and depend on a supply of oxygen for respiration
and water for chemical reactions. These organisms form many food webs
- The Components of Soil
- Microscopic Life in Water
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Living in Water
- Living in water has a number of advantages. There is no risk of water shortage and
dehydration. The temperature of the water varies less than air temperature. Water helps
provide support. Waste product are easily disposed of into the water
- It also has some disadvantages. The water content of the body can vary
and needs to be controlled. Water is denser than air and so resist
movement
- If the water is freshwater, then organisms can take up too much water by osmosis. In salt water,
too much water may be lost to the surroundings by osmosis
- Organisms such as amoeba have a contractile vacuole that can store any excess water. The vacuole can then fuse
with the cell membrane and empty the water to the outside
- Organisms such as amoeba have a contractile vacuole that can store any excess water. The vacuole can then fuse
with the cell membrane and empty the water to the outside
- If the water is freshwater, then organisms can take up too much water by osmosis. In salt water,
too much water may be lost to the surroundings by osmosis
- It also has some disadvantages. The water content of the body can vary
and needs to be controlled. Water is denser than air and so resist
movement
- Living in water has a number of advantages. There is no risk of water shortage and
dehydration. The temperature of the water varies less than air temperature. Water helps
provide support. Waste product are easily disposed of into the water
- Variations in the Numbers of Organisms
- The numbers of phytoplankton (tiny aquatic plants)
and zooplankton (tiny aquatic animals) vary at
different depths and in different seasons
- This is because factors that affect the photosynthesis of phytoplankton will vary. There will be less light in winter
and deeper in the water. The temperature will be lower in winter and deeper in the water. Minerals are used up
towards the end of summer.
- Food webs of marine organisms can provide useful information. The webs
rely directly on different sources of food. Most rely directly on green plants.
others deeper in the ocean feed on dead material called marine snow that
floats down. Some rely on bacteria, deep in the ocean, acting as producers
- Food webs of marine organisms can provide useful information. The webs
rely directly on different sources of food. Most rely directly on green plants.
others deeper in the ocean feed on dead material called marine snow that
floats down. Some rely on bacteria, deep in the ocean, acting as producers
- This is because factors that affect the photosynthesis of phytoplankton will vary. There will be less light in winter
and deeper in the water. The temperature will be lower in winter and deeper in the water. Minerals are used up
towards the end of summer.
- The numbers of phytoplankton (tiny aquatic plants)
and zooplankton (tiny aquatic animals) vary at
different depths and in different seasons
- Water Pollution
- Sewage and fertiliser run-off can cause a process called eutrophication to occur. This involves the
rapid growth of algae, which then all die and decay. This uses up oxygen, causing the death of animals
because they are unable to respire
- Some species of organisms are more sensitive to pollution than
others and so they can be used as biological indicators for pH and
oxygen.
- Some chemicals such as PCBs and DDT can kill animals at the top of marine
food chains. This is because the chemicals: are toxic, do not break down
quickly and so accumulate and become concentrated higher up the food chain,
and affect animals with a long lifespan, such as whales
- Some chemicals such as PCBs and DDT can kill animals at the top of marine
food chains. This is because the chemicals: are toxic, do not break down
quickly and so accumulate and become concentrated higher up the food chain,
and affect animals with a long lifespan, such as whales
- Some species of organisms are more sensitive to pollution than
others and so they can be used as biological indicators for pH and
oxygen.
- Sewage and fertiliser run-off can cause a process called eutrophication to occur. This involves the
rapid growth of algae, which then all die and decay. This uses up oxygen, causing the death of animals
because they are unable to respire
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Living in Water
- Enzymes in Action
- Enzymes in Washing Powder
- Biological washing powders often use enzymes such as:
amylase, to digest carbohydrates such as starch, lipase, to digest
fat and remove fatty stains, and protease, to digest fat and
remove fatty stains
- Biological washing powders work best at moderate
temperatures because this is the optimum temperature for
enzymes to work
- After treatment with enzymes, the products of digestion are soluble and so
will easily wash out of the clothes
- Biological washing powders may not work in acidic or alkaline tap
water because this is not the optimum for the enzymes and they
might start to denature
- Biological washing powders may not work in acidic or alkaline tap
water because this is not the optimum for the enzymes and they
might start to denature
- After treatment with enzymes, the products of digestion are soluble and so
will easily wash out of the clothes
- Biological washing powders work best at moderate
temperatures because this is the optimum temperature for
enzymes to work
- Biological washing powders often use enzymes such as:
amylase, to digest carbohydrates such as starch, lipase, to digest
fat and remove fatty stains, and protease, to digest fat and
remove fatty stains
- Enzymes and Sweeteners
- Sucrose can be broken down by the use of an enzyme called sucrose (invertase)
- When sucrose is broken down by enzymes, the product is much
sweeter, allowing the food industry to use less in food products
- Invertase converts sucrose into glucose and fructose
- Glucose and fructose are sweeter than sucrose, so less has to be added to the food,
lowering the cost and the energy content
- Glucose and fructose are sweeter than sucrose, so less has to be added to the food,
lowering the cost and the energy content
- Invertase converts sucrose into glucose and fructose
- When sucrose is broken down by enzymes, the product is much
sweeter, allowing the food industry to use less in food products
- Sucrose can be broken down by the use of an enzyme called sucrose (invertase)
- Lactase and Immobilised Enzymes
- Enzymes can be immobilised in gel beads by mixing the enzyme with alginate, and
dropping the mixture into calcium chloride solution
- The immobilised enzymes produced are very useful in reactions. This is because the
mixture does not become contaminated with the enzyme and they can be used in
continuous flow processing
- Some people or animals are lactose intolerant because
they cannot produce the enzyme lactase. This means
that bacteria in the gut ferment lactose, which produces
diarrhoea and wind
- Milk can be treated for people who have lactose intolerance. Immobilised lactase
is used to convert lactose in milk into glucose and galactose. Glucose and
galactose can then be absorbed from the milk with no side effects
- Milk can be treated for people who have lactose intolerance. Immobilised lactase
is used to convert lactose in milk into glucose and galactose. Glucose and
galactose can then be absorbed from the milk with no side effects
- Some people or animals are lactose intolerant because
they cannot produce the enzyme lactase. This means
that bacteria in the gut ferment lactose, which produces
diarrhoea and wind
- The immobilised enzymes produced are very useful in reactions. This is because the
mixture does not become contaminated with the enzyme and they can be used in
continuous flow processing
- Enzymes can be immobilised in gel beads by mixing the enzyme with alginate, and
dropping the mixture into calcium chloride solution
- Enzymes in Washing Powder
- Gene Technology
- Principles of Genetic Engineering
- Genetic engineering involves transferring a gene from
one organism to another. The organism that receives the
new gene is called a transgenic organism
- The main stages in genetic engineering involve identifying and
removing a desired gene from one organism, cutting open the DNA
in another organism, inserting the new gene into the DNA and
making sure that the gene works in the transgenic organism
- The cutting and inserting of DNA is achieved
using enzymes and often the transgenic
organism can be cloned to produce identical
copies
- The process of genetic engineering works because
the genetic code is universal. This means that
genes from one organism will produce the same
protein in another organism
- Restriction enzymes are used to cut open DNA. They leave several unpaired
bases (single strands) on the cut end. This acts as a 'sticky end'.
- Ligase enzymes will join DNA strands because the 'sticky ends' on each cut section of
DNA can join by complementary base pairing
- Ligase enzymes will join DNA strands because the 'sticky ends' on each cut section of
DNA can join by complementary base pairing
- Restriction enzymes are used to cut open DNA. They leave several unpaired
bases (single strands) on the cut end. This acts as a 'sticky end'.
- The process of genetic engineering works because
the genetic code is universal. This means that
genes from one organism will produce the same
protein in another organism
- The cutting and inserting of DNA is achieved
using enzymes and often the transgenic
organism can be cloned to produce identical
copies
- The main stages in genetic engineering involve identifying and
removing a desired gene from one organism, cutting open the DNA
in another organism, inserting the new gene into the DNA and
making sure that the gene works in the transgenic organism
- Genetic engineering involves transferring a gene from
one organism to another. The organism that receives the
new gene is called a transgenic organism
- Genetically Engineering Bacteria
- Bacteria can be used in genetic engineering to produce human insulin. This
involves cutting the gene for producing human insulin out of human DNA, cutting
open a loop of bacterial DNA, inserting the insulin gene into the loop, and
inserting the loop into a bacterium
- Many copies of the bacteria are cultured by cloning and large quantities of insulin are harvested
- The loops of DNA used in this process are called plasmids. They are found in the cytoplasm of bacteria and
because the can be taken up by bacteria, they can be used as vectors for genes
- To find out whether a bacterium has taken up a plasmid, an assaying technique is used.
Scientists add genes that make the bacteria resistant to antibiotics. The bacteria are then
flooded with the antibiotic by being grown on nutrient agar containing the antibiotic.
Scientists then choose the bacteria that survive
- To find out whether a bacterium has taken up a plasmid, an assaying technique is used.
Scientists add genes that make the bacteria resistant to antibiotics. The bacteria are then
flooded with the antibiotic by being grown on nutrient agar containing the antibiotic.
Scientists then choose the bacteria that survive
- The loops of DNA used in this process are called plasmids. They are found in the cytoplasm of bacteria and
because the can be taken up by bacteria, they can be used as vectors for genes
- Many copies of the bacteria are cultured by cloning and large quantities of insulin are harvested
- Bacteria can be used in genetic engineering to produce human insulin. This
involves cutting the gene for producing human insulin out of human DNA, cutting
open a loop of bacterial DNA, inserting the insulin gene into the loop, and
inserting the loop into a bacterium
- DNA Fingerprints
- DNA 'fingerprints' can be produced to identify individuals. They can be stored to help identify people who commit
crimes and prove the innocence of others. However, some people are worried that they may be used for a
variety of other reasons, such as assessing the likelihood of a person developing a disease. The information
could be used as a reason to withhold life insurance
- The stages in the production of a DNA 'fingerprint' include extracting DNA forma
sample, such as blood, cutting up or fragmenting the DNA using restriction enzymes,
separating the fragments using electrophoresis, and making the fragments visible
using a radioactive probe
- The stages in the production of a DNA 'fingerprint' include extracting DNA forma
sample, such as blood, cutting up or fragmenting the DNA using restriction enzymes,
separating the fragments using electrophoresis, and making the fragments visible
using a radioactive probe
- DNA 'fingerprints' can be produced to identify individuals. They can be stored to help identify people who commit
crimes and prove the innocence of others. However, some people are worried that they may be used for a
variety of other reasons, such as assessing the likelihood of a person developing a disease. The information
could be used as a reason to withhold life insurance
- Principles of Genetic Engineering
Want to create your own Mind Maps for free with GoConqr? Learn more.