117735
Description
Mind Map by Cameron Langfield, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Cameron Langfield
almost 11 years ago
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Operant Conditioning
- B. F. Skinner
- Skinner’s experiments extend Thorndike’s thinking, especially his law of effect. This law states that rewarded
behaviour is likely to occur again.
- Hypothesized that rats could be conditioned to elicit a certain behavior, in order to obtain a reward
- Skinner’s experiments extend Thorndike’s thinking, especially his law of effect. This law states that rewarded
behaviour is likely to occur again.
- Operant conditioning involves operant behaviour, a behaviour
that operates on the environment, producing rewarding or
punishing stimuli.
- Operant conditioning involves learning how to control one’s response to elicit a reward or avoid a punishment
- Primary & Secondary Reinforcers
- Primary
- An innately reinforcing stimulus like food or drink.
- An innately reinforcing stimulus like food or drink.
- Secondary
- A learned reinforcer that gets its reinforcing power through
association with the primary reinforcer.
- A learned reinforcer that gets its reinforcing power through
association with the primary reinforcer.
- Primary
- Immediate & Delayed
Reinforcers
- Immediate
- A reinforcer that occurs instantly after a behaviour. e.g
a rat gets a food pellet for a bar press.
- A reinforcer that occurs instantly after a behaviour. e.g
a rat gets a food pellet for a bar press.
- Delayed
- A reinforcer that is delayed in time for a
certain behaviour. e.g. a paycheck that comes at
the end of a week.
- A reinforcer that is delayed in time for a
certain behaviour. e.g. a paycheck that comes at
the end of a week.
- Immediate
- Shaping
- Shaping is the operant conditioning procedure in which
reinforcers guide behaviour towards the desired target
behaviour through successive approximations.
- Shaping is the operant conditioning procedure in which
reinforcers guide behaviour towards the desired target
behaviour through successive approximations.
- Negative Reinforcement
and Punishment
- Negative Reinforcement
- Removing an unpleasant stimulus
- Removing an unpleasant stimulus
- Punishment
- 1. Introducing an unpleasant stimulus
- 2. Withholding a pleasant stimulus
- 2. Withholding a pleasant stimulus
- An adverse event that decreases the behavior it follows
- Negative Punishment
- The withdrawal of a pleasant stimulus
- The withdrawal of a pleasant stimulus
- Positive Punishment
- Introduction of a negative stimulus: spanking
- Introduction of a negative stimulus: spanking
- Negative Punishment
- Punishment can result in:
- Unwanted fears
- Violence
- Agression
- Unwanted fears
- 1. Introducing an unpleasant stimulus
- Negative Reinforcement
- Reinforcement Schedules
- Continuous Reinforcement
- Reinforces the desired response each time it occurs.
- Reinforces the desired response each time it occurs.
- Partial Reinforcement
- Reinforces a response only part of the time.
- This is slower in acquisition, however, it is the hardest to extinguish
- This is slower in acquisition, however, it is the hardest to extinguish
- Reinforces a response only part of the time.
- Continuous Reinforcement
- Ratio Schedules
- Fixed-ratio schedule
- Reinforces a response only after a specified number
of responses. e.g., piecework pay.
- Reinforces a response only after a specified number
of responses. e.g., piecework pay.
- Variable-ratio schedule
- Reinforces a response after an unpredictable
number of responses. i.e. gambling
- This is hard to extinguish because
of the unpredictability.
- This is hard to extinguish because
of the unpredictability.
- Reinforces a response after an unpredictable
number of responses. i.e. gambling
- Fixed-ratio schedule
- Interval Schedules
- Fixed-interval schedule
- Reinforces a response only after a specified
time has elapsed.
- Reinforces a response only after a specified
time has elapsed.
- Variable-interval schedule
- Reinforces a response at unpredictable time
intervals, which produces slow, steady
responses.
- Reinforces a response at unpredictable time
intervals, which produces slow, steady
responses.
- Fixed-interval schedule
- Motivation
- Intrinsic Motivation
- The desire to perform a behavior for its own sake
- The desire to perform a behavior for its own sake
- Extrinsic Motivation
- The desire to perform a behavior because of an outside influence: rewards/punishment
- The desire to perform a behavior because of an outside influence: rewards/punishment
- Intrinsic Motivation
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