Quantum Mechanics

Quantum Mechanics

1. Democritus

   • Discovered that everything in the universe was made of atoms.
     • Positive nucleus and electrons
       • Protons and neutrons-->made from quarks

2. Atoms

   • Protons/neutrons jiggle inside.
     • Quarks are jiggling inside protons/neutrons
   • Electrons in constant motion
   • Have properties of wave

3. The Standard Model

   • Explanation of what makes the world "the world"
     • Uses 6 quarks, and 6 electrons and force carrier particles to explain
       • Quarks
         • A fundamental particle
         • Up: +2/3 quark paired with Down: -1/3 charge
           • Color charge
             • Exchanging photons in electromagnetic interactions
             • 2 quarks will exchange gluons if they are close to each other
               • Color force field will get stronger when quarks are further apart
             • "Strong Force" holds color-charged particles
         • Charm: +2/3 paired with Strange: -1/3
         • Top: +2/3 quark paired with Bottom: -1/3 charge
         • Composite particles are Hadrons
           • Don't have net color charge
           • Baryons
             • Type of Hadron that has 3 quarks
           • Mesons
             • Type of Hadron that has 1 quark and 1 anti-quark
   • Leptons
     • Negatively charged
       • Electron
         • Equivalent particle is a positron
       • Muon
       • Tauon
     • Electrically Neutral
       • Electron Neutrino
       • Muon Neutrino
       • Tauon Neutrino
         • Weak and Gravity act on Neutrinos
     • Very little mass and don't interact with other matter
   • Matter particle + Antimatter particle = pure energy

4. Quantum: Broken into increments

   • Describes particle interactions

5. 4 interactions that make particles and the universe relate

   • Attractive
   • Repulsive Forces
     • Matter becomes further apart
     • Electromagnetic Forces
       • Like-charged things repel and opposite-charged things attract
       • Photon
         • A carrier particle
         • Have no mass
         • Travels at the speed of light
         • Acts on quarks, charged leptons, W+, W-
   • Decay
     • Weak interactions cause quarks and leptons to decay
   • Annihilation

6. Interactions

   • Strong
     • Carried by Gluons
     • Acts on quarks and gluons
   • Weak
     • Carried by W+, W-, Z*
       • Acts on quarks and leptons

7. Pauli Exclusion Principle

   • No two particles can be in the same place at the same time
     • Fermions are particles that follow this principle
     • Bosons are particles that don't follow this principle

8. Higgs Boson

   • Boson: last particle of the Standard Model to be discovered
   • Helped confirm mechanism
   • Would be extremely massive (mass would be greater than 115GeV/c*
   • Decay in less than a nano-second
   • No HIggs =nothing would bind electrons in atoms.
     • Cold, dark, lifeless universe

9. Supersymmetry

   • Relationship between matter particles and force carriers
   • Have not been founded yet