Unhealthy Eating Habits

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Mind Map on Unhealthy Eating Habits, created by Fatma Shwaylia on 25/02/2018.
Fatma Shwaylia
Mind Map by Fatma Shwaylia, updated more than 1 year ago
Fatma Shwaylia
Created by Fatma Shwaylia about 6 years ago
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Resource summary

Unhealthy Eating Habits
  1. BMI
    1. Body mass index (BMI) is a measure of body fat based on your weight in relation to your height, and applies to most adult men and women aged 20 and over.
      1. When BMI is higher than 30
    2. Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health.
      1. highest in the WHO Regions of the Americas and lowest in the WHO Region for South East Asia
        1. Causes of Obesity
          1. psychological
            1. comfort eating
              1. eating disorders
                1. bulimia nervosa :excessive eating with compensatory mechanisms
                  1. Binge eating
                2. bioliogical
                  1. Genes
                    1. hormones
                      1. hypothyroidism and cushing syndrome
                    2. lifestyle
                      1. sedentery lifestyle
                      2. socioeconomic
                        1. culture
                          1. peer pressure
                            1. income
                            2. Complications of Obesity
                              1. Liver (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-NALD; nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-NASH)  kidneys (kidney stones; chronic kidney disease-CKD)
                                1. respiratory system
                                  1. Sleep apnea and breathlessness
                                  2. Digestive system
                                    1. GERD
                                      1. Gallbladder and gallstones
                                      2. reproductive system
                                        1. menstrual problems
                                          1. pregnancy complications
                                            1. polycystic ovary syndrome
                                            2. The cardiovascular system (heart attack; elevated cholesterol/atherosclerosis; abnormal heart rhythms; hypertension; peripheral vascular disease; stroke)
                                              1. the musculoskeletal system (osteoarthritis in the back, hips, knees; gout)
                                                1. Psychological Complications
                                                  1. Body shape discontent
                                                    1. Consequently may lead to strain on their intimate and romantic relationships
                                                      1. Further leads to depression, isolation, anxiety, suicidal ideas, withdrawn from society and anhedonia
                                                2. Investigations include
                                                  1. Complete blood count
                                                    1. Liver enzyme and liver function tests
                                                      1. Tests for chronic viral hepatitis (hepatitis A, hepatitis C and others)
                                                        1. Celiac disease screening
                                                          1. Fasting blood sugar
                                                            1. Hemoglobin A1C, which shows how stable your blood sugar is
                                                              1. Lipid profile, which measures blood fats, such as cholesterol and triglycerides
                                                            2. Obesity
                                                              1. Management
                                                                1. Psychological Treatment
                                                                  1. Drugs
                                                                    1. topiramate/phentermine
                                                                      1. liraglutide
                                                                        1. lorcaserin
                                                                          1. orlistat
                                                                          2. Diet, exercise and lifestyle changes should always be included.
                                                                            1. Surgeries
                                                                              1. gastric banding surgery
                                                                                1. gastric bypass
                                                                                  1. sleeve gastrectomy
                                                                                    1. GASTRIC INJECTION
                                                                                2. Relationship between food intake and energy expenditure
                                                                                  1. “Energy balance” is the relationship between “energy in” (food calories taken into the body through food and drink) and “energy out” (calories being used in the body for our daily energy requirements).
                                                                                    1. Imbalances lead to
                                                                                    2. Food intake
                                                                                      1. Physiology of food intake and satiety
                                                                                        1. Feeding center:
                                                                                          1. Lateral nuclei of the hypothalamus and Dorso-medial nucleus (DMN)
                                                                                          2. Satiety center:
                                                                                            1. Ventro-medial nuclei of the hypothalamus (VNH) and Para-ventricular nucleus (PVN)
                                                                                          3. Hormonal control
                                                                                        2. Liver anatomy
                                                                                          1. 2 lobes
                                                                                            1. Wedge-shaped & resembles 4 sided pyramid laid on one side with its apex directed to the left.
                                                                                              1. found in right hypochondrium, greater part of the epigastrium and extends into the left hypochondriurn up to the left lateral vertical line.
                                                                                                1. Blood supply of the liver
                                                                                                2. Liver histology
                                                                                                  1. Lobule: It has a roughly hexagonal shape with : Central vein at its center
                                                                                                    1. Portal Triads at each corner consist of: 1. Hepatic Arteriole 2. Portal Venule 3. Bile Ductule 4. Lympahatic vessels
                                                                                                    2. Liver
                                                                                                      1. liver is the main organ of metabolism and energy production; its other main functions include:
                                                                                                        1. Bile production
                                                                                                          1. Storage of iron, vitamins and trace elements
                                                                                                            1. conversion of waste products for excretion by the kidneys
                                                                                                              1. detoxification
                                                                                                                1. Metabolism of carbohydrates, fat, and proteins
                                                                                                                  1. Three stages of FA synthesis:
                                                                                                                    1. . Transport of acetyl COA into cytosol
                                                                                                                      1. Carboxylation of acetyl COA
                                                                                                                        1. Assembly of FA chain ( Elongation)
                                                                                                                      2. Alcohol metabolism
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