Swelling in the Leg

Description

Mind Map on Swelling in the Leg, created by Mariam Alzaabi on 10/03/2018.
Mariam Alzaabi
Mind Map by Mariam Alzaabi, updated more than 1 year ago
Mariam Alzaabi
Created by Mariam Alzaabi over 6 years ago
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Resource summary

Swelling in the Leg
  1. Anatomy of the thigh
    1. Posterior Compartment
      1. Biceps femoris
        1. Semi-tendinosus
          1. Semi-membranosus
            1. Nerve: Sciatic
            2. Anterior Compartment
              1. Flexors
                1. Iliopsoas
                  1. Pectineus
                    1. Sartorius
                    2. Extensors
                      1. Quadriceps femoris
                      2. Nerve: femoral
                      3. Medial Compartment
                        1. Gracialis
                          1. Adductor longus
                            1. Obturator externus
                              1. Nerve: Obturator
                              2. Proximal Tibia and Fibula
                                1. Patella
                                2. Bone Development
                                  1. The process of bone formation is called ossification
                                    1. Intramembranous Ossificiation
                                      1. Endochondral Ossification
                                    2. Tumors in bone and cartilage
                                      1. Primary bone tumors
                                        1. Benign
                                          1. Osteoma
                                            1. Chondroma
                                              1. Rhabdomyoma
                                              2. Malignant
                                                1. chondrosarcoma
                                                  1. Osteosarcoma
                                                    1. Rhabdomyosarcoma
                                                  2. Differences
                                                    1. Bone forming tumors
                                                      1. Osteoma
                                                        1. Osteoblastoma
                                                          1. Osteoid Osteoma
                                                            1. Osteosarcoma
                                                              1. Malignant tumor of mesenchymal cells characterized by direct formation of osteoid or bone matrix by direct formation of osteoid or bone matrix by the tumor cells
                                                                1. Primary osteosarcoma
                                                                  1. Most common malignancy in children
                                                                    1. Males > females
                                                                      1. mutations in retinoblastoma gene, P53
                                                                        1. Sites
                                                                          1. lower end femur
                                                                            1. upper end tibia
                                                                              1. proximal humerus
                                                                                1. proximal femur
                                                                                2. Skip lesions
                                                                                  1. They represent areas of an osteosarcoma that are not connected to the primary tumor
                                                                                3. Secondary osteosarcoma
                                                                                  1. Common in old age
                                                                                    1. Sites
                                                                                      1. flat bones > long bones
                                                                                      2. existing bone lesions
                                                                                        1. Paget’s disease of bone
                                                                                          1. Bone infarct
                                                                                            1. Chronic osteomyelitis
                                                                                            2. Metastatic bone tumors
                                                                                              1. These areas have a rich slow blood supply in their red marrow which makes it the perfect site for the growth of metastatic tumor cells
                                                                                                1. proximal femur
                                                                                                  1. proximal humerus
                                                                                                    1. Axial skeleton which includes vertebral column, pelvis, ribs, skull
                                                                                              2. Histology
                                                                                            3. Management
                                                                                              1. Surgery
                                                                                                1. Limb Saving Surgery
                                                                                                  1. Limb sparing surgery is the procedure of removing the cancer without removing the affected arm or leg and the replacement with prosthetic or other bone
                                                                                                    1. Complications
                                                                                                      1. Infection
                                                                                                        1. Prosthetic Fracture
                                                                                                          1. Pathologic fracture
                                                                                                        2. Amputation
                                                                                                          1. Amputation is a type of surgery where a surgeon removes part or all of a limb and replaces it with a prosthetic device
                                                                                                            1. Complications
                                                                                                              1. Phantom Pain
                                                                                                                1. Depression
                                                                                                                  1. Skin Breakdown
                                                                                                              2. Consent
                                                                                                                1. Capacity for consent
                                                                                                                  1. Make a free choice
                                                                                                                    1. Understand the consequences
                                                                                                                      1. Understand the complications and risks
                                                                                                                        1. Being aware of the procedure
                                                                                                                    2. Chemotherapy
                                                                                                                      1. the use of drugs to treat cancer
                                                                                                                        1. Types
                                                                                                                          1. Neo-Adjuvant Chemotherapy: administration of antineoplastic drugs prior to surgery to shrink the tumor size and decrease it’s vascularity.
                                                                                                                            1. Adjuvant Chemotherapy: the use of antineoplastic drugs when surgery or radiation has eradicated the primary tumor
                                                                                                                              1. Primary Chemotherapy: the use of antineoplastic alone for metastic or inoperable tumors
                                                                                                                              2. Complications
                                                                                                                                1. Nausea and vomiting
                                                                                                                                  1. Loss of appetite
                                                                                                                                    1. Hair loss
                                                                                                                                      1. Mouth sores
                                                                                                                                  2. Radiotherapy
                                                                                                                                  3. Psychological Aspects
                                                                                                                                    1. Emotional Reaction
                                                                                                                                  4. Physical Examination
                                                                                                                                    1. Look
                                                                                                                                      1. Feel
                                                                                                                                        1. Move
                                                                                                                                          1. Special Tests
                                                                                                                                            1. Thomas Test
                                                                                                                                              1. Trendelenberg's sign
                                                                                                                                              2. Imaging tests
                                                                                                                                                1. X-rays
                                                                                                                                                  1. MRI
                                                                                                                                                    1. CT Scan
                                                                                                                                                      1. PET Scan
                                                                                                                                                        1. Radioisotopic
                                                                                                                                                          1. Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                            1. Biopsy
                                                                                                                                                              1. Needle Biopsy
                                                                                                                                                                1. Open biopsy
                                                                                                                                                          2. Grading and Staging
                                                                                                                                                            1. Grading
                                                                                                                                                              1. its explains the level of aggressiveness of a tumor based on the cytologic features of the tumor cells
                                                                                                                                                                1. mitotic activity
                                                                                                                                                                  1. nuclear pleomorphism
                                                                                                                                                                    1. degree of differentiation
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Staging
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Assessment of the spread of the malignant tumor in the body based on clinical and radiographic finding
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Imaging tests
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Laboratory tests
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Pathology reports
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Other systems
                                                                                                                                                                          1. TNM System
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