Cognitive

Annotations:

•    The human brain is like a computer; it receives, interprets and responds to information. Peoples’ problems often arise due to faulty or irrational thinking, which can be traced and often  remedied using cognitive therapy.   

1. deterministic or free will

   Annotations:

   • deterministic because if you change thoughts change behavouir you do not have free will to change each, one determines the other 
2. reductionist or holistic

   Annotations:

   • bases behavouir to a persons thoughts ignoring other factors and treating the problem could need more then just changing the thinking patterns or could argue it works in a range of fields and so holistic, works in developmental (S&B) and social but can be argued it doesn't look at enviroment and focuses more on inputs and outputs 
3. individualist or situational

   Annotations:

   • looks at inputs and outputs of informations so is individualist but your situation determines the inputs  
4. Qualitative or Quantitative
   1. quan

      Annotations:

      • as often based on SR = both yochelson and samenow. Kanzi also SR 
   2. qual

      Annotations:

      • sentance kanzi said, freduian therapy in Y&S
5. Studies
   1. Yochleson and Samenow
      1. longtitudinal
      2. quan and qual
      3. mens rea

         Annotations:

         • researchers where doctors in the hospital 
      4. 52 thinking patterns

         Annotations:

         • set themselves apart from others, restless, dissatisfied
      5. freudian
      6. 255 males

         Annotations:

         • opportunity sample 
      7. weak

         Annotations:

         • only 30 left at the end and only 8 showed improvement  social desirability, criminals lied as they thought it would help their situation
      8. Field
   2. Loftus and Palmer

      Annotations:

      • how infomation given after the event can change an eye witnesses perception of the event estimate the speed of a motor vehicle using different questions
      1. self report

         Annotations:

         • given questionaire asking them specfic questions with key words, how fast they were going when they hit/smashed each other IV was the wording 
      2. 45 American Students

         Annotations:

         • collected via opportunity sample 
      3. independent measures

         Annotations:

         • 5 conditions  all viewed a multiple car crash
      4. lab
      5. quan
      6. long(ish)

         Annotations:

         • asked a week later if they saw any broken glass 
      7. weak

         Annotations:

         • lacks eco val - car crash on video is very different to real life 
6. Method
   1. lab

      Annotations:

      • high control, low in eco vals (dement and kleitman with sleeping), cause and effect, 
   2. field

      Annotations:

      • natural behavouir, 
7. Nature or Nurture

   Annotations:

   • our brain has an inbulit processing mechanism but this can be affected by nurture also, nurture refines the nature 
8. Ethnocentric

   Annotations:

   • both L&P and Y&S are ethnocentric
9. Scientific

   Annotations:

   • Very controlled, Quantitative data,   Replicable, Falsifiable (testable) you could repeat and test L&P but not S&Y/Kanzi, 
10. useful

    Annotations:

    • has very useful applications, Y&S and Mcguire could change laws and how criminals are treated, fishers cognitive interveiw, therapy - meichenbanums stress inoculation therapy changes peoples thinking patterns to over come their stress and to tackle the situation
11. validity

    Annotations:

    • low as people can guess the aim leading to social desirability e.g. loftus and palmer
12. exam q

    Annotations:

    • outline the cognitive approach refering to mental processes such as language and memory. they may say that the cognitive approach compares the human brain to a computer
13. exam question
    1. stengths
       1. accuracy of measurement
       2. use of equipment
       3. high levels of control
       4. reliable
       5. useful
    2. weaknesses
       1. reductionism
       2. lack of qual data
       3. low in eco val