A2 PE - Personality

Nuture
1. A learned pattern of behaviour acquired through reinforcement, imitation of the behaviour of others and general environment influences.
Nature
1. Individuals are a product of the genes of their parent. A genetically inherited disposition.
Trait
1. An inate, enduring trait characteristic possessed by an individual that can be used to explain and predict behaviour in different situations.
2. Stable Enduring Consistent
Definitions
1. Gross (1992) Those relatively stable and enduring aspects of individuals, which distinguish them from other people, making them unique but at the same time permit a comparison between individuals.
2. Eysenck (1995) Personality is more or less stable and enduring organisations of a person's character, temperament, intellect and physique, which determines unique adjustment the individual makes to the environment.
  1. Eysenck's Circular Diagram
    1. Stable Unstable Introverted Extraverted
3. Hollander (1971) Personality is the sum total of an individual's characteristics which make him/her unique.
  1. Hollander's (1967) Structure of Personality: 1. Psychological Core 2. Typical Response 3. Role Related Behaviour
Personality Theories
1. Trait Theories: Dimension Trait Theory
  1. Extrovert Introvert Stable Neurotic
  2. They suggest we are born with inherited characteristics which do not alter over time and which cause us to react in a similar fashion irrespective of the situation.
2. Bandura's Social Learning Theory
  1. Theory suggest that rather than being born with characteristics we learn them from other people, especially from those we hold in high esteem.
  2. Demonstration Attention Retention Motivation Matching Performance Motor Reproduction
3. Achievement Goal Theory
  1. Task Orientated Goals: A goal that is set to judge the performance of the individual against others and his/her own standards rather than against other competitors.
  2. Outcome Goals; A goal that is set to judge the performance of the individual against others and the end result.
Approach To Personality
1. Narrow Band Approach
  1. Type A Characteristics: Highly Competitive, Strong desire to succeed, Works Fast, Likes to control, Prone to suffer stress.
  2. Type B Characteristics: Non-Competitive, Unambitious, Works more slowly, Doesn't enjoy control, Less prone to stress.
2. Interactionist Approach
  1. Interactionist theories propose that personality is a mixture of inherited traits and a person's current situation.
  2. Lewin (1936) B = f (PxE)
    1. Behaviour (B) Function (f) Personality (P) Environment (E)
Marten's Structure of Personality
1. External Dynamic Internal Consistent
Measurement of Personality
1. Observations, Self-Report Questionaires, Interviews
Morgan (1979) Mood States
1. The personality of the performer can change from one moment to the next. Mood states are temporary and change with the situation.
  1. POMS (Profile of Mood States) Include: Tension, Depression, Anger Vigour, Fatigue, and Confusion
    1. Morgan's Iceberg Profile compares the moods states of successful & unsuccessful athletes. Successful athletes will have high amounts of vigor and low amounts of depression, whereas the unsuccessful performer high amounts of tension, and low amounts of vigour.
McCelland & Atkinson (1964): Need to Achieve (n.Ac) , Need to Avoid Failure (n.AF)
1. Avoidance Behaviour Approach Behaviour
2. (Ms-Maf) x (Ps x {I - Ps})
  1. Ms; Motive to succeed Maf: Motivation to avoid failure, Ps: Probability of success I: Incentive
Achievement Motivation
1. Motivation is the desire to participate in a goal directed activity.
  1. Intrinsic Motivation, Extrinsic Motivation, Tangible, Intangible
2. Desire to succeed - Fear of failure

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A2 PE - Personality

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	Created by jdesmonddw over 10 years ago