CD - attachment | Mind Map

CD - attachment

info from slides
1. BOWLBY - 1969 - major influences are psychoanalysis and ethology (animal behaviour). the young child is biologically biased to develop attachments to its caregivers. the biological function of attachment is protection of the young / security.
2. LORENZ - 1973 - IMPRINTING - the early following behaviour that ensures the young stay close to the mother.
3. what is attachment? - long-enduring, emotionally meaningful tie to a particular individual. object of attachment is someone who returns the feelings.
4. SCHAFFER - 1996 - features of attachments in young children. - 1. attachments are not just to anyone, they are selective. 2. attachments involve physical proximity seeking, closeness. 3. attachments should provide comfort and security. 4. if broken, separation distress will occur.
  1. SCHAFFER - attachment functions as a safe haven, emotional bonds are found in higher animal species
5. associations with SECURE attachments - self-esteem, enthusiastic personality, sociable, independent, friendly, confident, curiosity
info from book
1. by the second half of a child's first year of life, most children can recognise the familiar people they encounter
  1. the first emotional tie a person forms will be with the primary care giver (typically the mother).
BOWLBY's early attachment theory - BOWLBY - 1958 - strong enduring affectionate bonds have critical survival and adaptation values. for nurture and protection. The bond goes far beyond the physiological needs like food, but caters for the psychological needs, such as a safe base.
1. features of attachment
  1. MONOTROPISM - is the ability for the infant to discriminate between the parents and other people. babies recognise their mother's voice by birth. the idea that a child only forms a strong attachment TO ONE PERSON.
  2. PROXIMITY-SEEKING - a set of behaviours that draw the attention of the primary caregiver (mother) to the child to reach her. babies can at best cry, then reach out, then later can call out.
  3. SEPARATION PROTEST - protest behaviours when the mother leaves.
  4. STRANGER ANXIETY - anxiety of unfamiliar people,
  5. CRITICAL PERIOD - the time period that was thought to be critical for the formation of an attachment, (6 months - 3 years). EARLY THEORY - later revised by SENSITIVE PERIOD.
2. ATTACHMENT PHASES - BOWLBY CONT...
  1. 1. PRE ATTACHEMENT - 0-2 months - little or no recognition of the mother
  2. 2. EARLY ATTACHMENT - 2-7 months - begins to recognise mother, gradually comforted by her.
  3. 3. SEPARATION PROTEST - 7 months - 2 years - wary of strangers, stays close to mother, protest when separated
  4. 4. GOAL-CORRECTED - 2 years and up - more cognitive skills, more exploration, attachment is an abstract idea so increased independence.
3. MATERNAL DEPRIVATION HYPOTHESIS - 1953
  1. maternal deprivation is known as a disruption to the attachment of a mother figure, results from illness, abandonment or bereavement.
  2. the idea that serious harmful outcomes will result from the lack of a consistent attachment figure in early childhood.
  3. SUPPORT FOR MATERNAL DEPRIVATION - 1940s - delinquent adolescents shared a history of a lack of consistent parenting figures, some in serial foster care. ill effects of attachment.
    1. GOLDFARB - 1947 - followed children who had been given up by their mothers before they were 9 months old. during their early teenage years, it was found that they performed worse on intelligence, reading and arithmetic being in institutions than continued care and were also more fearful and less popular with their peers.
  4. BOWLBY noted the vital ingredient for a healthy child is a continuous, warm and intimate relationship with the mother, on which future relationships will be based.
4. CRITIQUE OF BOWLBY'S THEORY
  1. POSITIVE - influenced the academic perspective on children's early social experiences but also public perception and social policy on childcare provision.
  2. NEGATIVE - the maternal deprivation hypothesis received a great deal of criticism. for example, SUOMI AND HARLOW - 1972 - found the effects of isolation on monkeys was reversible under certain conditions, for example, when younger monkeys comforted them.
    1. IN addition, the concept of 'critical period' was replaced by the more appropriate SENSITIVE PERIOD, where affectionate bonds are more readily formed, than at other times in life.
    2. One cannot be sure that the children's negative outcomes were due to separation and not due to the OTHER negative factors associated with foster care institutions, such as the staff or environment.
      1. TIZARD - 1977 - found that the cognitive and linguistic development of institutionalised children was on par, however their social and emotional issues however were not, and they had problems with peers and aggression.
        OVERALL - maternal deprivation hypothesis discredited, critical period changed to sensitive period. Deprived attachments may not be as damaging as first thought, as human young can still go on to have functional lives. BOWLBY - as long as on-going reliable care is provided. BOWLBY'S THEORY GROUNDED IN 1940s/ 50s.
ANIMAL RESEARCH - ETHOLOGY
1. LORENZ - 1973 - IMPRINTING - babies will follow the first thing they see, if it was a human they saw, they will follow the human. the first thing an animal imprints on doesn't have to be a human. it could be a ball etc... - RIDLEY - 1995.... once an animal imprints on a target, it remains attached to him / her / it, it WILL NOT RE-IMPRINT.
  1. The idea of imprinting is very much like the human ideas of proximity-seeking in human children and the irreversibility of imprinting is like the critical period for children.
2. HARLOW - 1958 - separated healthy monkeys at birth and the monkeys were given a wire model that provided food as well as a cloth model. they found that the monkeys used the cloth model as a secure base and source of comfort
  1. therefore attachment in humans and non-humans is more than just the bare essentials such as food.
  2. they found that the lack of any 'real' attachment figure had caused psychological damage to the monkeys who were unable to find a partner and mate.

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	Created by becky.waine almost 11 years ago