Physical chemistry 1-1.3

Physical chemistry 1-1.3

1. Fundamental particles

   • History of the atom
     • 1661 - Robert Boyle - some substances that cannot be made simpler (chemical elements)
     • 1803 - John Dalton - Elements were composed of indivisible atoms
     • 1896 - Henri Becquerel - Discovered radioactivity
     • 1897 - JJ Thomson - Discovered the electron, showed that they were negatively charged
     • 1911 - Ernest Rutherford - Discovered nucleus and all the positive charge was in it
   • Sub- atomic particles
     • Protons
       • Positive charge - found in nucleus
     • Neutrons
       • Neutral charge - found in nucleus
     • Electrons
       • Negative charge - surround the nucleus
   • Arrangement of sub-atomic particles
     • Protons and Neutrons are held in the nucleus by a strong nuclear force
     • Electrostatic forces between the electrons and protons

2. Atomic Structure

   • Mass number
     • The total number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus
   • Atomic number
     • The number of protons or electrons in the atom
   • Isotopes
     • Same element but with a different number of neutrons
     • React chemically in the same way
     • Vary in mass

3. Arrangement of the electron

   • 1913 - Niels Bohr - Suggested electrons orbit the nucleus - Quantam theory
   • 1926 - Erwin Schrodinger - Quantam Mechanics
   • 1932 - James Chadwick - Discovered neutron
     • Chemists found out that atoms were formed by loosing or gaining electrons
       • Atoms could bond by sharing electrons to gain a full outer shell
   • Electons shells
     • First shell holds up to 2 electrons
     • Second shell holds up to 8 electrons
     • Third shell holds up to 18 electrons
   • Electron diagrams

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