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Digestive tract

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Digestive tract

Oral Cavity
- LIP
  - Skin side
    - Straified Squamous keratinized Hair follicles,sebaceous glands, sweat glands
    - Mucous side
      - Stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium CT layer with mucous glands called labial glands
      - Labial Glands
  - Orbicularis oris
  - Lip margin
    - no keratin just a thick layer of stratum lucidum. underlying CT is rich in capillaries and sensory nerves.
- Palate
  - Hard palate-bony                      Soft palate- muscles covered by mucous membrane Oral mucous Membrane lined with stratified squamous non keratinized epi
  - Palatine mucous gland
- Tongue
  - Skeletal (instrinsic)3 d
    - Vertical Transverse horizontal
  - lingual glands
    - serous and mucous glands
  - superior surface
    - divided by sulcus terminalis into anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3
    - Anterior
      - gives roughness Lingual Papillae Contain taste buds
      - Circumvallate
        Largest in size fewest in number Anterior to sulcus terminalis Surrounded by trenches     Serous acini Von Ebner's serous
      - Fungiform
        Large round papillae located at the tips and sides of tongue
      - Filiform
        Most numerous cover most of the tongue conical NO taste buds
      - Folate
        Located posterolaterally not well developed in humans
    - posterior
      - Lingual Tonsil
  - Taste Buds
    - Gustatory taste hair
      - Cells in the middle projecting hairs (microvilli) in the outer taste pore Chemoreceptor
    - Supporting/sustentacular
      - On the sides
    - Basal
      - regeneration
- cheek
  - Buccinator
  - Buccal Glands
- Teeth
  - Root
    - Fits inside alveolar sockets in jaw Starts at Apical foramen containous gelatinous material and blood vessels and nerves of the tooth- root pulp
  - Crown
  - Mineralized parts 3
    - Dentin-70%  organic fills the crown and root cementum hard bone that covers dentin Enamel-hardest part 95% organic
Digestive Tube
- Wall 4 layers
  - Mucosa
    - Epithelium- simple columnar pits or crypts called glands Lamina propria- loose CT containg blood vessels nerves and lymphatics Muscularis Mucosa- Inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layers of the mucousa
    - Simple columnar
      - pits depressions elevations villi crypts glands
    - Lamina propria
      - loose CT blood vessels nerves and lymphatics
    - Muscularis Mucosa
      - evacuates secretion by contraction
  - submucosa
    - support and transmission of nerves BV lymphatics
    - Meissners plexus
      - autonomic plexus controls secretion
  - Muscularis Externa
    - Inner/outer long muscles
      - Peristalsis
    - Myenteric plexus
      - Auerbachs aka controls muscle contraction
  - Adventitia/Serosa
    - SSmesothelium of the peritoneum
- Esophagus
  - GERD
  - Mucosa
    - SSNKE smooth muscles lymphatic nodules MALT
    - Lamina propria
      - of lower end contain mucous glands that neutralize acidity
  - Submucosa
    - Facilitates the passage of bolus of food
  - Muscularis externa
    - contraction helps evacuate secretion to lumen upper thrd contain skeletal muscle lower third contain smooth muscle mixed in the middle third
  - Adventitia
    - No peritoneum until it passes through diaphragm and becomes serosa
- Stomach
  - Rugae allow for expansion Chemical digestion HCL->chyme
  - Cardia
    - between esophagus and stomach 1st source of mucous between esophagus and stomach
  - fundus/body
    - simple columnar mucous secreting epithelium renewed every 5 daysGastric pits invag of epithelium Muscularis 3 layers Oblique- innermost Circular- middle longitudinal-outer
    - Fundic glands
      - Lamina propria open in th ebottom of the short gastric pits 5 cells
      - Mucous neck cells
        secrete mucous
      - Parietal Oxyntic cell
        Upper part of the glands secret HCL starts break down of protein converts pepsinogen to pepsin and bacteriostatic Instrinsic factor - b12 Pernicious anemia and subacute degeneration of spinal cord
      - Chief cell
        bottom of fundic gland secrete pepsinogen starts fat digestionn
      - Enteroendocrine
        Gastrin stimulating gastric secretion and motility
  - Pyloric region
    - Gate keeper Gastric pits are longer than fundic pits Simple columnar mucous secreting cells Entroendocrine cells ends at pyloric sphincter
  - Small Intestine
    - Mucosa: villi and glands
    - Factors for surface area 4
      - Surface area Villi covered with simple columnar absorptive cells enterocytes and goblet cellsLymphatic vessels called lacteals 2.microvilli- folds of cell membrane 3.plicae circularis- mucosal folds increase surface area 4. Length 7 meters
    - crypts of Lieberkuhn
      - simple columnar absorptive cells enterocytes.secrete digestive enzymes absorption of carb and protein microvilli increase surface area for absortion transport digested food from lumen to circulatory
      - Goblet Cells
        Mucous secretion lub
      - Paneth cells
        Antibacterial lysozymes
      - Entroendocrine cells
        Cholecystokinin
        contraction of gallbladder->release bile into duodenum stimulates pancreas to release pancreatic enzyme
        Secretin
        HCO3 from pancreas
        Motilin
        stimulates peristalsis
      - M cell
        overlie Peyers patches and convery microogransims to them
    - Duodenum
      - Brunners glands in submucosa secrete alkaline mucous to protect duodenal mucosa and neutralize gastric acidity
      - Jejunum
        Narrow Vili no brunners glands no peyers patches
    - Ileum
      - Narrow vili peyers patches in submucosa
    - Large Intestine
      - No vili Crypts Simple columnar absorptive cell with predominance of goblet cells
      - Teniae coli
        absent in rectum and appendix 3 longitudinal bands of smooth muscle
      - Lymphocytic infiltration of mucosa
        diffuse and nodular Cecum Appendix colon
        Appendix
        blind end tube immune mechanism complete layer of lymphoid follicles in submucosa short crypts few goblet cells Diffuse lymphatic infiltration of mucosa
        Colon
        Ascending Transverse descending Sigmoid
        Rectum
        Anal Canal
        Stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium keratinzed at anal orifice Internal anal sphincter smooth muscle involuntary external anal sphincter voluntary
digestive glands
- Salivary
  - compound tubule-alveolar gland exocrine
  - Accessory glands
    - Labial Buccal Lingual palatine mucous glands
  - Main
    - Parotid Submandibular80 serous 20 mucous  Sublingual
  - Purely Serous
    - Von Ebners Parotid- Pancreas
- Pancreas
  - Mixed gland exocrine part purely serous glands Pacinian corpuscles in CT trabeculae Exocrine part lipases amylases peptidases  Centro acinar cells Intercalate ducts located inside acinus
  - Exocrine
    - SeroussecreteLipases AmylasespeptidasesTo Duodenum Paciniancorpuscles
  - Endocrine
    - Islets of Langerhans Secrete hormones into capillaries no ducts Beta cells Alpha cells Dcells B- Insulin lower glucose A-glucaon raise glucose D- somatostatininhibits insulin and glucagon
- Parenchyma
  - functioning cell
  - Acini
    - Myoepithelial cells surround secretory acini
    - serous
      - pyramidal cells round central nuclei apics contains zymogen granueles-> watery secretion
    - Mucous
      - cuboidal cells secrete mucous
  - ducts
    - Intercalated duct
      - Simple cuboidal smallest intralobular. striated/secretory duct- high cuboidal cells secrete potassium and bicarb Interlobular duct- simple columnar between lobules Interlobar ducr- psuedostratified columnar
- Liver
  - Mixed exocrine endocrine gland2ndlargest  exocrine-bile endocrine plasma proteins glucose lipoproteins
  - Hepatic Lobule
    - hexagonal pentagonal shape surrounded by portal triads
    - Portal Vein
      - Carries venous blood containg digestive products of carbs and proteins from intestine
    - Hepatic artery
      - Carries oxygenated blood and digested fats
    - Bile duct
    - Hepatoccyte
      - hepatic cell make bile
      - Blood sinusoids
        covered y Kupffer cells and ss epi between hepatic cells
        Bile canaliculi
        between hepatocytes to drain bile secreted by them
        Space of disse
        between hepatocytes and blood sinusoids exchange of material
        blood flow
        from portal vein and hepatic artery drain into blood sinusoids central vein sublobular veins hepatic veins Inferior vena cava
        Bile flow
        Bile Canaliculi drain bile from hepatic cells to bile duct-> hepatic ducts->cystic duct of gallbladder
        Ampulla of Vater
        hepatopancreatic ampula opens to the second part of the duodenum
        kupffer cell
        phagocytic cell
  - Endocrine
    - Plasma proteins glucose lipoproteins
  - Exocrine
    - bile
  - capsule
    - Glissons capsule divides the liver into hepatic lobules
- Gallbladder
  - fat imulsification
    - Bile small intestine- cholesterol
  - Colisito
    - Stimulates contraction

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Description: Mind Map on Digestive tract, created by michaela.martine on 12/11/2014.
Created by: michaela.martine
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Digestive tract

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