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AP World History Chapter 15

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Mind map on causes and results of the Reformation: corruption, pre-reformers, key events and English Reformation

Mind map: causes and results of the Reformation

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AP World History Chapter 15

Causes -- Middle Ages
- Crises of the 14th and 15th centuries hurt the prestige of the clergy.
- Babylonian Captivity, 14th century
- Great Schism: 1054
Causes -- Corruption
- Simony is the sale of church offices
  - 1487 pope sold 24 offices
- pluralism is an official holding more than one office at a time
- absenteeism: an official not participating in benefices but receiving payment and privileges
- sale of indulgences: people paying money to the Church to absolve their sins or sins of their loved ones
- nepotism: favoring family members in the appointment of Church offices
- Moral decline of the papacy
- 20% of all priests in the diocese of Trent kept concubines during the early 16th century
  - Clerical Ignorance. Priests virtually ignorant. Abused their power.
Critics = Pre-reformers.
- John Wyclif
  - 1329-1384
  - England
  - Bible - sole authority
  - Personal Communication with God
  - Diminished importance of sacraments
  - Followers were Lollards
- Erasmus
  - In Praise of Folly (1513)
  - Criticized church corruption/clergy hypocrisy
- John Hus
  - 1369-1415
  - Czech
  - Ideas similar to Wycllif
  - Religious leader in Bohemia
  - Pre-Reformer
  - Burned at the stake for his views
Important People/Events of Reformation
- Martin Luther
  - Augustinian Monk
    - Promised God to become a monk
  - University of Wittenberg
  - Trained as a monk.
  - 95 Theses
    - Nailed to Wittenberg door or mailed to bishop.
    - Questioned authority of pope to grant indulgences
    - Oct 31, 1517
  - Printing Press
    - Increased literacy and access to Scripture
  - Challenges Church Authority
    - Pope thought he was a drunk German
      - Pope not infallible
    - 1518: Luther refused to stop--still just wanted to reform the church, not break from it
    - Church was wrong to execute Hus
  - Theology of Reform--Confessions of Augsburg (1530)
  - 2 sacraments, not 7
  - excommunicated in 1520
  - "kidnapped" on his way back to worms. "kidnapper" wanted to protect him
    - Kidnapped by Frederick III Wise of Saxony
  - Translated Bible to German
  - Undermines authority of church
- Lutheranism in Germany
  - German states become Lutheran (Denmark/Sweden too)
  - Princes can steal monastic land
  - Southern Germany still catholic
  - Catholicism spread through West Europe and New World
- Peace of Augsburg
  - 1555
  - Overturned Diet of Speyer (1529)
  - Temp. end of Lutheranism Struggle
  - Princes: Lutheranism or Catholicism
  - Permanent religious division of Germany
  - Delayed political unification--1871
- John Calvin
  - 1509-1564
  - Calvinism
    - Signs of the Elect
      - Good works
      - Conversion Experience
      - Visible saints
    - Geneva, 1540
      - Calvin theocracy
      - New center of reformation in Europe
      - Only Calvinists allowed here
    - Members elect minister
    - Financial Success=God liked you (elect)
  - French
  - Lawyer-priest
  - Influenced by Erasmus
  - Exiled to Switzerland
More important events/people
- Council of Trent
  - Catholic Dogma
  - Good works/grace
  - 7 sacraments
  - Vulgate Bible only valid
  - Addressed worst abuses
Results of reformation
- Western Christianity shattered
- 100 yrs. of religious wars
English Reformation
- Henry VIII wants a divorce
  - Henry VIII (1509-1547)
    - Supported Catholicism/Pope
    - Defense of Seven Sacraments (1521)
    - 6 wives
      - Anne Boleyn executed (1536)
      - Jane Seymour had son, Edward
        Edward succeeded Henry
  - Pope awarded Henry with the title “Defender of the Faith”
  - Mary - only child who survived out of 5 childbirths
  - Wife - Catherine of Aragon but wants Anne Boleyn
- ...
  - Mary "Bloody Mary" Tudor
    - Reimpose Catholicism
    - Mary rescinded Reformation legislation of Henry’s and Edward’s reign 300 people executed including bishops and Archbishop Cranmer
- - Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) – the “Virgin Queen”
    - Illegitimate child
    - Strong Protestant
    - Elizabethan Religion
      - Clergy could not marry
      - Book of Common Prayer
      - Services in English
      - Monasteries not reestablished
      - Everyone required to attend church services of the Anglican Church (fined if absent)
    - Some Catholics unsuccessfully plotted assassination attempts and invasions against Elizabeth. Mary Stuart (Queen of Scots) Execution 1587
  - - Spanish Armanda
      - After Mary of Scots’ execution, Philip II of Spain declared war on England
        Spain lost
        England now ruled seas.
      - Goal to overthrow Elizabeth and re-establish Catholicism in England
·
- - Counter-Reformation
    - Counter Reformation (Catholic Reformation)
      - Catholic Response to Reformation
        Pope Paul III (1534-1549): Most important pope in reforming the Church and challenging Protestantism
        Council of Trent (3 sessions, 1545-1563)
        All 7 sacraments valid; transubstantiation reaffirmed
        Approved the Index of Forbidden Books
        Equal validity of Scripture, Church traditions, and writings of Church fathers
        Salvation by both “good works” and faith
        Church reforms: abuses in sale of indulgences curtailed, sale of church offices curtailed, bishops given greater control over clergy, seminaries established to train priests
        Jesuits
        Society of Jesus (1540)
        3 goals
        Reform church through education
        Spread the gospel to pagan peoples
        Fight Protestantism
        Ignatious Loyala (1491-1556) founder
        Jesuit schools became among the finest in all of Europe.
        Oversaw Spanish & Italian Enquisitions
·
- - War of 3 Henrys and 30 years war (1587-1589) and (1618-1648)
    - War of 3 Henrys (1587-1589)
      - Religious and Dynastic War
      - Henry III of France and Henry of Guise vs. Henry of Navarre
      - Henry of Navarre married Henry III’s sister, Margaret
      - St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (ordered by Henry III’s mother)
        20,000 Huguenots killed
        Catholics killed the Protestants
        Begins War of 3 Henrys
  - Henry of Guise
    - Duke of Guise
      - Had fling with Henry III’s sister, Margaret
      - Formed Catholic League to prevent Henry of Navarre inheriting throne
        Henry III supported the League
        Henry III has Henry of Guise assassinated
        Catholic fanatic of the League kills Henry III year later
  - - Henry III
      - King of France
      - Really controlled by his mother, Catherine de Medici
      - No heir--last of the French Valois
      - Assassinated by Catholic fanatic
    - - Henry of Navarre
        Protestant ruler of Navarre
        Becomes King Henry IV after defeating Catholic League
        Converted to Catholicism--”Paris is worth a mass”
      - Absolutism in Western Europe 1589-1715
        Derived from the traditional assumption of power (e.g. heirs to the throne)
        Belief in “divine right of kings”
        Louis XIV of France was the quintessential absolute monarch
        Characteristics of western European absolutism
        Strong central authority that controls all aspects of state
        Large standing army (even in peacetime)
        Professional armies (not serfs)
        Can mobilize quickly
        Believe heavily in idea of divine right
        going against them is bad;
        gives them complete authority
        Build grand palaces to awe and inspire (Versailles, Peterhof)
        Cardinal Richelieu (1624-1642)
        #1 Goal-France #1
        Total subordination of all groups under the monarchy
        Intendants--representatives of the king (paid and picked by king--loyal to king)
        Enforce royal orders
        Weaken power of local provinces
        Influence and regulate nobility
        Recruit soldiers
        Supervise tax collection
        Part of extensive spy network
        Louis XIV The Sun King (1643-1715)
        L’etat, c’est moi!
        Greatest example of absolute monarch--believed in divine right
        Longest reign in European history (72 years)
        France became undisputed major power in Europe
        French culture
        French international language in Europe for 2+ centuries
        Language of the well-educated
        Epicenter of literature and arts
        Versailles Palace
        Reinforced image as absolute ruler
        Cost of maintaining Versaille-60% of royal revenue
        Louis had absolute control over nobility
        Pleasure prison for French nobility
        Must live at Versaille
        Entertained and kept busy with etiquette and ritual
        Cost of Louis XIV’s Wars
        Destroyed French Economy
        20% of subjects died
        Government is bankrupt
        Financial and social tensions sow seeds of French Revolution
  - - Edict of Nantes (1598)
      - Protestants were going to be tolerated under certain circumstances as long as they lived in certain cities; no Huguenot church in Paris, not allowed to assemble publicly in Paris
    - 30 Years War (1618-1648)
      - Mostly fought in Germany
      - Religious wars between C and P
      - German princes wanted autonomy from HRE
      - Effects of the 30 Years’ War
        Modern age of sovereign states
        Balance of Power politics: nation-states/dynasties go to war to prevent one power from dominating continent
        Protestantism firmly established (despite Counter-Reformation) Good-bye HRE
    - - Peace of Westphalia (1648)
        Peace of Augsburg reinstated (adding Calvinism)
        German princes made sovereign rulers
        300 separate rulers in Germany
        National unification not achieved until 19th century

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AP World History Chapter 15

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