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Neuroembryology

Emily Johnson English

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Neuroembryology

Early development of nervous system
- Formation Neural Plate
  - Mesoderm
    - NOTOCHORD
      - cordomesoderm
      - Source SHH
  - Endoderm
  - Ectoderm
    - Nervous system + skin
      - Day 18- neural plate
        19- expand
        20-groove
        Medial neural hinge point (MHP)
        Anchor to notochord
        epidermal cells to center
        AP/DV patterning
        Secrete
- Neurulation and related
  - Tube
    - 23- Tube close
      - 24- Cranial Neuropore close
        26- Caudal close
      - dorsolateral hinge point (DLHP)
        wedge-shape
      - neural crest cells disperse
        neural tube separate from epidermis
  - Crest
  - Placodes
  - The folding process that transforms neural plate into neural tube/crest
- Consequences disruption neurulation
  - Ancephaly
    - No brain
  - Spina bifida
    - Weird Ass (maybe just a tuft of hair)
Molecules in EARLY neural tube formation
- Cadherins
  - E-cadherin
    - epithelial
  - N-cadherin
    - Neural
      - separate
  - Crest has none
- BMP and Wnts
  - Later
    - dorsalize nervous system
      - ventral
        motor
      - Dorsal
        Sensory
    - rostro-caudal patterning
      - Anterior (rostral)
        Wnt/BMP
        non-hox determine segment
      - Hindbrain
        FGFs
        Rhombencephalon
        somites first
      - Posterior
        Retinoic acid
        mesoderm
        posterior hindbrain segments
        Rhombomeres
        spinal cord
        segmented nervous system
      - Hox Genes
        Activated by Cdx
        Activated by patterning
        Homeobox genes
        Homeodomain
        DNA binding
        Master genes
        Gradients
    - dorsal epidermal ectoderm
      - Formation roof plate
        Source dorsalizing morphogens
        TGF-B family
  - Early
    - Secreted protein factors
      - Suppress neural induction
        Neural plate default
      - Gastrula organizer
        express BMP inhibitors
        suppress epidermal
Neural Crest and neural placodes
- Crest
  - PNS + ANS ++++
    - Including face!
    - Tumors
      - hair, pigment, bone, teeth, neuron
- Neural Placodes
  - Embryonic ectoderm
    - Non-neural
      - Epidermis
    - Neural
      - Neural plate
        CNS
    - Neural border
      - Pre-placodal
        Lateral line
        neurons
        Olfactory
        olfactory sensory
        Trigeminal
        neurons trigeminal ganglion
        Epibranchial
        ganglia cranial nerves VII, IX and X
        Otic
        otic pit
        hearing
        otic vesicle
        equillibrium
        relay neurons
        Non neurons
        Adenohypohyseal
        anterior of pituitary gland
        Lens
        under direction of optic vesicle
        lens of eye
      - Neural crest
Neural Tube: CNS organization
- Thickening neural tube
  - Alar
    - somatosensory information
      - Dorsal horn
      - Brainstem
  - Basal
    - Motor neurons
      - autonomic
      - somatic
- Sulcus limitans
  - remains, visible groove
    - brainstem
Divisions cranial neural tube
- Prosencephalon (forebrain)
  - Telencephalon
    - Cerebral hemisphere
      - Lateral ventricles
  - Diencephalon
    - (hypo)thalamus, neurohypophysis
      - Most of third ventricle
- Mesencephalon (midbrain)
  - Midbrain
    - Cerebral aqueduct
    - Mesencephalic flexure
- Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
  - Metencephalon
    - Pons, cerebellum
      - Rostral 4th ventricle
      - Pontine Flexure
  - Myelencephalon
    - Medulla
      - Caudal 4th ventricle
      - Cervical Flexure
Development of the Brainstem
- Roofplate
  - choroid plexus
    - Produce CSF
- Cavity
  - 4th ventricle
    - 2 lateral apertures and one caudal
      - Connect ventricular
        Subarachnoid space
- Alar
  - Sensory and association nuclei
  - Pons
    - Dorsolateral lip
      - Cerebellum
        much of it made postnatally. Weird.
      - Rhombic lip
- Basal
  - forms cranial nerve and autonomic motor nuclei
Development of forebrain
- Third ventricle
  - Split by hypothalamic sulcus
    - below hypothalamus
    - Above thalamus
Disorders cellular migration/development
- Mostly disorders of migration
- Seizures
  - Lissencephaly
    - Pachygyria
      - broad, thicker gyri
        more common
    - Agyria
      - lack gyri
    - cerebellar hypoplasia
      - Reelin mutation
  - Heterotopias
    - Abnormal accumulation cortical neurons
- Retardation
- Abnormal connectivity
  - disordered connection
    - Wrong place/ wrong time
  - disordered numbers

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Description: Mind Map on Neuroembryology, created by Emily Johnson on 16/01/2019.
Created by: Emily Johnson
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Neuroembryology

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