1649633
Mind Map by Matthew Ho, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Matthew Ho
about 6 years ago
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Description
Medicine Through Time Summary
1 Medicine in c1350
1.1 The Four Humours
1.1.1 Ancient Greeks
1.1.1.1 Believed people became ill if mix was unbalanced
1.1.1.2 Greeks tried to put balance
right to cure people
1.1.1.3 Thought everyone had a mix of
four humours in their body
1.1.1.4 Hippocrates
1.1.1.4.1 Ancient Greek doctor
1.1.1.4.1.1 His ideas were very influential in
Roman times and beyond
1.1.1.4.1.2 Most of his treatments were based on
diet, exercise and rest - also used
bleeding and purging - get rid of excess
humour
1.1.1.4.2 Wrote the Hippocratic Oath -
doctors swore to respect life and
prevent harm
1.1.1.4.3 Clinical Observation
1.1.1.4.3.1 Studying symptoms, making notes,
comparing with similar cases, then
diagnosing and treating
1.1.2 Romans
1.1.2.1 Galen developed the Four
Humours even further
1.1.2.1.1 Galen
1.1.2.1.1.1 Developed Hippocrates' ideas
mainly - bloodletting/purging to
prevent illness
1.1.2.1.1.2 Developed a Theory of Opposites
1.1.2.1.1.3 Carried out dissections on dead bodies (mainly
animals) - drew diagrams to explain human
anatomy
1.1.2.1.1.4 Galen and many others were convinced
his ideas were right - dominated medicine
for over 1500 years
1.1.2.2 Theory of Opposites
2nd Century AD
1.1.2.2.1 Believed in treating illness with
'opposite' of their symptoms
1.1.2.2.2 For example, if you had phlegm (linked to
water and cold), you should eat hot
peppers
1.2 The Christian Church
1.2.1 Belief that God made people ill
because he was displeased with them
1.2.1.1 This held back medical research,
people didn't believe there was a
rational explanation for disease
1.2.1.1.1 The Church discouraged
dissection, people did not
approve of people challenging
ideas and authority
1.2.2 On the other hand, the Church taught
people to follow Jesus' example and care for
sick
1.2.2.1 Galen's theory fitted Christian beliefs
2 1750-1900
2.1 Breakthroughs
2.1.1 Edward Jenner
2.1.1.1 Cowpox prevented smallpox - 1796
2.1.1.2 By 1804 - 12000= vaccinated
2.1.1.3 1840 - Government began paying for vaccinations
2.1.1.4 There was opposition to Jenner and he couldn't find
link to why vaccination worked - didn't lead to other
vaccinations
2.1.2 Pasteur - published Germ Theory in 1861
2.1.2.1 Microbes in air caused decay
2.1.3 Robert Koch
2.1.3.1 Linked bacteria to disease
2.1.3.2 Identified specific microbe that caused anthrax
and microbes that cause TB and cholera
2.1.3.3 Chemical dyes stained bacteria - easier to see under microscope
2.1.4 Koch and Pasteur important - published ideas, use other's findings
2.1.4.1 Took time so prevention was not immediately possible
2.1.4.1.1 Causes of some diseases were still unkown
2.2 Professionalising medicine
2.2.1 Elizabeth Garrett Anderson
2.2.1.1 Women - not allowed to be doctors
2.2.1.1.1 Elizabeth went to medical lectures until she was forced to stop
2.2.1.2 Society of Apothecaries did not bar women and she passed exam in 1865
2.2.1.3 Was certified but Society changed it so women couldn't qualify
2.2.1.4 Set up medical pratice in London and gained medical degree in Paris
2.2.1.5 Set an important precedent - 1876 - women allowed
to go to university and get degrees
2.2.2 Florence Nightingale
2.2.2.1 Little traning for nursing - wasn't repsectable job
2.2.2.1.1 Attended first nurses' training school - Kaiserwerth Hospital, Germany
2.2.2.2 Asked to lead team of nurses at military hospital in Scutari
during Crimean War (1854-56)
2.2.2.3 Believed miasma caused disease, so emphasised hygiene, fresh air, good supplies
2.2.2.3.1 This lowered death rates from 42% to 2%
2.2.2.4 Her work widely reported in Britain - published books on
nursing and set up training school for nurses/midwives
2.3 Improvements in medical training
2.3.1 Teaching hospitals developed - students could observe doctors
2.3.2 Students dissected bodies - human anatomy
2.3.2.1 More emphasis on studying microbes and disease through microscopes - following Pasteur
2.3.2.1.1 Improved tech - thermometers and stethoscopes to help diagnose illness - training
2.4 Treatment 1750-1900
2.4.1 People still used herbal remedies - had less plants so more reliant on apothecaries
2.4.2 Pills - made by hand until William Brockedon invented
machine that standardised dosage and increased production
speed - 1844
2.4.3 Money could be made from patent medicines -
encouraged growth of pharmaceutical industry
2.4.4 Companines financed chemical research to produce and sell their own brands of medicine
2.4.5 By 1900 - government brought in regulations to
prevent harmful ingredients being used in
medicines
2.4.6 New understanding of causes of disease had little impact on
prevention or treatment until 20th century
3 1900 - Present Day
3.1 James Watson and Francis Crick
3.1.1 Studied structure of DNA together at the Medical Research Council
3.1.1.1 Their work helped to improve our understanding of genetic conditions
3.1.1.1.1 Analysed X-ray crystallography by Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin - worked out the
double helix structure of DNA - 1953
3.1.1.1.1.1 New Possibilities - Structure of DNA and Human
Genome Project
3.1.1.1.1.1.1 improved vaccines
3.1.1.1.1.1.2 better insulin for diabetics
3.1.1.1.1.1.3 new techniques for skin grafts
3.1.1.1.1.1.4 better understanding of conditions
like Down's Syndrome
3.1.1.1.1.1.5 discovery that stem cells can be grown into different cells
3.2 Causes of Disease since 1900
3.2.1 Scientists built on research and findings of earlier years
3.2.1.1 People created more vaccines based on techniques
of Pasteur and Koch
3.2.1.1.1 Knowledge of how microbes causse disease improved - led to cures like 'magic bullets'
3.3 Treatment since 1900
3.3.1 Magic bullets
3.3.1.1 Koch discovered different chemical
dyes stained specific microbes
3.3.1.2 Behring discovered antitoxins - only
attack the microbe causing a disease
3.3.1.3 Paul Ehrlich - searched for a 'magic bullet'
3.3.1.3.1 'magic bullet' - a chemical compound that would attack and kill
the microbe causing a specific disease
3.3.1.3.1.1 Team worked for many years - tested many compunds of
Salvarsan to cure syphilis
3.3.1.3.1.1.1 1909- Dr Hata found they rejected a compound that worked
(Salvarsan 606)
3.3.1.3.1.1.1.1 1932 - Domagk developed second magic bullet - Protonsil, cured
some types of blood poisoning
3.3.1.3.1.1.1.1.1 Other scientists found that sulphonamide in Prontosil cured
pneumonia, scarlet fever and meningitis
3.3.2 Penicilin
3.3.2.1 1928 - Alexander Fleming - noticed bacteria in Petri
dish was killed by a penicillium mould
3.3.2.1.1 He tested it on other bacteria - discovered mould produced an
excellent antibiotic (penicilin)
3.3.2.1.1.1 Years on - Florey and Chain continued Fleming's research on penicilin
3.3.2.1.1.1.1 Effective on mice, so they tested it on humans - Penicilin killed
bacteria which killed the infection
3.3.2.1.1.1.1.1 Mould had to be grown in large quantities to be effective - 1941, Florey
asked US drug companies for help, they refused
3.3.2.1.1.1.1.1.1 When US joined war, antibiotics were needed so US offered funding
3.4 Health care since 1900
3.4.1 Until 1948 - still done by women in family with herbal or folk remedies
3.4.1.1 Doctors charged for each visit - mainly used by wealthy
3.4.1.1.1 Most cities had infirmies, fever houses and asylums - offering
free basic care for poor
3.4.1.1.1.1 Run by local authorities and charities
3.4.2 Government action
3.4.2.1 1902 - Midwives Act: midwives to be trained
and registered
3.4.2.1.1 1911 - National Insurance Act: employees, employers and
government paid for medical fees for employees
3.4.2.1.1.1 1919 - Nursing Act: set up General Nursing Council to promote
high standards of care
3.4.2.1.1.1.1 1919 - Ministry of Health set up: government gained overview of health
care across UK
3.4.2.1.1.1.1.1 1938 - 3000 died from diptheria in UK: led to free immunisation
programme in 1940
3.5 NHS 1948
3.5.1 What led to the setting up?
3.5.1.1 Increase in vote - women won vote in 1918
3.5.1.1.1 Government more concerned about how the poor could
get health care
3.5.1.2 WWII highlighted inequality, people wanted change
3.5.1.3 1942 - Beveridge Report identified disease as 1/5 major
problems in Britain
3.5.1.4 Accepted by 20th century - government should
involve itslef in people's lives
3.5.1.5 National Emergency Medicine Service gave free treatment in
WWII proving government control over health care worked
3.5.2 Good
3.5.2.1 Taxes funded; seeing GP, hospital care and operations, health visitors for
pregnant and young, treament by dentists and opticians, ambulances and
emergency treament and health care for elderly
3.5.3 Bad
3.5.3.1 Cost of running was much higher than expected
3.5.3.2 People living longer - expensive care for elderly
3.5.3.3 lack of nationawide availability for some
drugs and treatments
3.5.3.4 long waiting lists - private medical insurance grew
4 Treating the sick c1350
4.1 Physicians - medically trained at university, diagnosed illnesses
and gave treatments, or sent patients to apothecary or barber
surgeon
4.2 Barber surgeons - no training, carried out bloodletting,
pulling teeth and lancing boils, did basic surgery -
amputating limbs (very low success rate), cost less than
physician
4.3 Monks and nuns - ran hospitals using Church donations, cared for poor
and elderly - not people with common diseases, this was free
4.4 Housewife physicians - usually village 'wise woman' or
lady of manor who treated diseases, dealt with
childbirth and common injuries, mixed plant and herb
remedies, were cheapest and most accessible option
4.5 Apothecaries - received training but no medical qualifications,
mixed medicines and ointments based on own knowledge, cost
money but less than physician
5 The Black Death
5.1 Bubonic plague, carried by fleas living on black rats
5.2 'Causes': Religion, Astrology, Miasma, Volcanoes, Four Humours, Outsiders
5.2.1 How people tried avoiding: Flagellants - walked in church praying and whipping each
other, praying and fasting, clearing up rubbish in streets, smelling toilets to overcome
plague, lighting a fire in a room, carrying herbs and spices around, not letting unknown
enter the town
5.2.1.1 Symptoms: Swelling of the lymph glands into large
lumps filled with pus (knwon as buboes), fever and
chills, headache, vomiting, diarrhoea and abdominal
pain
5.2.1.1.1 Treatments: Paying and holding lucky charms, cutting
open buboes to drain the pus, holding bread against
buboe and burying it, eating cool things and taking cold
baths
6 The Renaissance
6.1 New ideas about anatomy
6.1.1 Vesalius proved that
Galen was wrong
6.1.2 Vesalius drew the muscles,
nerves, organs and skeletons
of human body
6.1.3 1543 - Published The Fabric of the Human Body
6.1.3.1 Others could learn about
human anatomy
6.2 New Ideas about blood
6.2.1 William Harvey discovered that
Galen's ideas about blood were
wrong
6.2.1.1 1628 - Harvey published An Anatomical Account
of the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals
6.2.2 Harvey discovered that veins carry only
blood, which was pumped through body
by heart
6.3 Technology
6.3.1 Better microscope lenses helped discover bacteria
6.3.2 Invention of mechanical pumps helped people understand
that the human body worked like a machine
6.3.3 Printing press - invented in mid-15th century, allowed ideas and discoveries to be
published and widely circulated
6.3.4 Impact on medicine
6.3.4.1 Causes of disease still not understood
6.3.4.2 Harvey's and Vesalius' ideas slow to be accepted
6.3.4.3 Medical teaching still based mainly on Galen's theories
6.3.4.4 Old treatment methods still used
