Unit lll. Semántica Oracional

Unit lll. Semántica Oracional

1. Meaning relations among sentences

   • SENTENCES. Have meanings that can be analysed in terms of their relation to other sentences.
   • THE MOST important types of semantic relations among sentences are paraphrase, entailment, and contradiction.
     • PARAPHRASE
       • When you try to express something with your own words.
       • Paraphrases are the equivalent of synonyms at the lexical level.

2. More for PARAPHRASE

   • Lexical paraphrase
     • Is the use of a semantically equivalent term in place of another in a given context (synonym).
       • Example: Jhon is happy = Jhon is cheerful...?
   • Structural paraphrase
     • Is the use of paraphrase or sentence in place of another phrase or sentence semantically equivalent to it, although they have defferent syntactic.
       • Example: Jhon showed the pistures to me. Jhon showed me the pictures.

3. Another concept: ENTAILMENT

   • One statement entails another when the second is a logically neccesary consequence of the first, as
     • "Alan live in Toronto" entails "Alan lives in Canada"
   • Vinculo que existe entre las oraciones.
     • Debe ir en jerarquía.
   • Allegation
     • A statement, made without giving proof, that someone has done something wrong or illegal.

4. PARAPHRASING. How to paraphrase

   • What is the purpose of paraphrasing?
     • 1.- To simplify 2.- To clarify
   • How to paraphrase successfully
     • In order to paraphrase successfully, one has to have a deep, solid understanding of the original text, so...
       • Step 1. Read, read, and reread the text. It is Step 2. Take notein your own words of the main ideas.vital that you understad what the author is saying.
     • -Paraphrasing structural -Restructure sentences grammatically -Change, use negative or opposite expressions -Changing word order -Changing parts of speech

5. Deixis

   • Kind to refering: -is to point to it -can only be accomplished with people in immediate environment.
     • QUIENES REFIEREN SOLO PUEDEN SER DETERMINADOS POR EL CONTEXTO USADO.
   • The meaning of any lexeme depends to some extent on the context in which it occurs. Elements can only be interpreted through...
     • DEICTIC WORDS
       • 1.- personal
         • -I, you, and we ´point´ to the participants in any speech act. -he, she, it, and they when are used to refer to others in the environment.
       • 2.- spatian
         • -Here and there, which designate space close to the speaker or farther away. -this/ these and that/ those, which respectively indicate entities close to or removed from the speaker.
       • 3.- temporal
         • -now, then, yesterday, today, tomorrow, last week, next month are all relative.