Three Approaches to Argument

Three Approaches to Argument

1. Classical Approach

   • Introduction
     • Gets audience interest
     • Encourages reader to think about your case
     • Statement of Fact
       • Background information and definitions to understand the issues at hand
       • Proposition
         • Thesis and subtopics presented
         • Refutation
           • Explore incorrect reasoning in counter argument
           • Substantiation and Proof
             • Evidence and examples through use of ethos, pathos and logos
             • Conclusion
               • Summary
                 • Most important concepts
                 • One last passionate appeal to convince reader

2. Toulmin Approach

   • Claim
     • Idea or action you want reader to accept
     • Grounds
       • facts, data, reasoning behind claim
       • Warrant
         • Chain of reasoning that connects claim to data
           • 6 Types of Warrants
             • GASCAP
               • 1. Generalization Warrant
                 • What is true for sample is true for larger population
                 • 2. Analogy
                   • What is true in one situation is true in a similar situation
                   • 3. Sign/Clue
                     • Certain sign indicate a certain result or outcome
                     • 4. Causation
                       • An event is effected by a factor
                       • 5. Authority
                         • Is person or text a true authority?
                         • Would other authorities agree
                         • 6. Principle
                           • Showing a condition exists where a certain principle applies
         • Qualifier
           • Indicates the strength of the argument
           • How strongly does the data connect with the claim
           • Rebuttal
             • Counterclaims may come exist and must be refuted
             • A rebuttal follows same steps as argument

3. Rogerian Approach

   • Introduction
     • Non-biased definition of issue
     • Neutral Opposing Position Statement
       • Clarifies and validates understanding of divergent position
       • Neutral Statement of Your Argument
         • Definition/explanation given and contexts where valid
         • Analysis
           • What goals do the two positions have in common
           • What beliefs do they share
           • Proposal
             • Resolution that pleases both sides
             • A melding of ideas
             • Positive and useful aspects of both sides included