sensory, STM + WM

sensory, STM + WM

1. types of memory

   • short-term memory
     • accessible info held for short period of time
   • long-term memory
     • info held for longer periods, can be accessed when needed
   • working memory
     • information is held and manipulated in order to perform a task
   • sensory memory
     • allows input from sensory modalities to be prolonged

2. sensory memory

   • masking
     • reduced perception of a visual stimulus when another stimulus is presented in spatial or temporal proximity to it
     • stimulus onset asynchrony
       • the time between the onset of a stimulus and the presentation of a mask
   • sub-stores
     • iconic memory
       • visual stimuli
         • holcombe theory two groups:
           • fast group
             • detection of motion, depth, edges, flickering
           • slow group
             • higher level perception
               • e.g. colour, word recognition, direction change, form
       • sperling's experiment
     • echoic memory
       • auditory stimuli
       • Darwin's experiment
         • audio presented left, middle or right
       • shadowing technique
         • have to repeat an auditory presented message
     • haptic memory

3. short-term memory

   • Atkinson's modal model
     • three memory stores: sensory/st/lt
       • incoming: sensory --> salient info st --> salient info lt
       • three basic assumptions
         • separate memory stores
         • processing in the stm determines memory storage in the ltm
         • stm has limited capacity
           • measuring: digit span task
           • increasing: chunking
   • rehearsal
     • maintenance rehearsal
       • keeps info in stm
     • elaborative rehearsal
       • organises info to integrate it into ltm
   • decay
     • information lost from stm over time
   • displacement
     • info lost from sim bc other info came in
   • recall effects
     • recency effect
       • tendency to recall things of the end of a list more readily than items from the middle
     • primacy effect
       • good performance for items at the start of a list
     • negative recency effect
       • tendency to recall items at the end of a list poorer than items at the beginning

4. working memory

   • Cowan's embedded processes model of the working memory
   • baddeley's working memory model, four components:
     • 1. central executive (master system)
       • controls and coordinates the activity of the other components
       • two types of cognitive control:
         • automatic system of control
           • perform routine and well-practiced actions without the need for deliberate cognitive control
           • automatic mode
         • attentional control system
           • can interrupt automatic processing, select alternative schema and allow attention directed toward a goal
           • NOT routine
             • deliberate control mode
     • 2. visuospatial sketchpad
       • temporary storage and manipulation of VISUAL and SPATIAL information
         • capacity: 3-4 objects
         • visual: visual cache
           • stores info relating to form
         • spatial: inner scribe
         • brook's matrix task
           • 'to the right' vs 'to the quick'
     • 3. phonological loop
       • holds as much as you can say in two seconds
       • articulatory control process
         • allows maintenance of info and converts visual info to a speech-based form
       • evidence:
         • word length effect
         • effects of articulatory suppression
           • disrupting ability to sub-vocally rehearse words
         • irrelevant speech effect
           • recall is poorer when irrelevant speech during learning, because it takes up some memory of the phonological loop
         • phonological similarity effect
           • recall is poorer when items sound alike
     • 4. episodic buffer
       • interface between modality-specific systems of working memory + long-term memory
       • temporary storage structure that allows info from different sources to be integrated into single structures or episodes
         • making mental image?

5. failures bc damage prefrontal cortex

   • capture errors
     • failure to override a routine set of actions
     • when seeing the word 'green' in blue letters
   • perseveration
     • difficult to switch tasks
   • utilisation behaviour
     • failure to inhibit a tendency
   • dysexecutive syndrome

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