RM ch 4 + 11

RM ch 4 + 11

1. ethical principles

   • respect for participants
     • participant should decide whether or not to participate
     • participant needs to know what the study is about + risks
     • some groups (children, intellectually handicapped people, prisoners) should be protected in deciding to participate
   • beneficence
     • researchers should know beforehand: risks?
     • what could the benefits be?
     • can't withhold new treatments
   • justice
     • balance participants and people who benefit from the study
       • don't disadvantage one group

2. guideline principles psychologists

   • respect
   • beneficence
   • justice
   • integrity
     • educators: teach accurate things
     • therapists: stay up to date with empirical evidence
   • loyalty + responsibility
     • psychologists aren't allowed to have sexual relationships with their students/clients
     • teachers aren't allowed to have their student as a client

3. APA 10 specific standards/rules

   • standard 8: researchers
     • 8.01 there should be an institutional review board
     • 8.02 informed consent
       • paper/website on which study objectives, benefits and risks are stated
     • 8.07 deception
       • withholding info/lying
     • 8.08 debriefing
     • 8.10 data fabrication + data falsification
       • fabrication: entering values that support your hypothesis
       • falsification: influencing results by leaving some results out/influencing participants
     • 8.11 plagiarism
     • 8.09 taking good care of animals
       • replacement
         • find replacement for animals when possible
       • refinement
         • least stressful as possible
       • reduction
         • as few as possible

4. internal validity threat

   • design confounds
   • selection effects
   • order effects
   • maturation threat
     • change in behaviour over time bc getting better or growing up
   • historical threat
     • changes because something specific happened between pre and post test
   • regression threats
     • extreme results at time point 1 will become less extreme
   • attrition
     • reduction of participants that takes place before the research is finished
   • test threat
     • change in participant because they've done the test more than once
   • instrumental threat
     • when measuring instruments change with time
   • three big threats for internal validity
     • observer bias
       • also construct validity
     • demand characteristics
     • placebo effects

5. null effects

   • not enough difference between groups
     • e.g. test that is too hard or too easy
       • floor effects
       • ceiling effects
   • too much variance within groups
     • noise/error variance
       • the more groups overlap, the smaller the effect size
       • can be caused by measurement error
       • individual differences
         • within-groups/matched pairs design solution
       • situation noise
         • distractions