Psychology-Unit One, Approaches

Psychology-Unit One, Approaches

1. Behaviorists

   • Classical Conditioning
     • Pavlov Dogs
     • Unconditioned Stimulus
     • Conditioned Stimulus
     • Unconditioned response
     • Conditioned response
     • Neutral stimulus
   • Operant Conditioning
     • Skinners Box
     • Positive reinforcement
     • Primary reinforcers
     • Secondary reinforcers
     • Negative reinfrocement
     • Punishment
   • Basic assumptions
     • behaviour is learnt from experience
     • Stimulus response links
     • mind is black box
     • Punishment stops behaviour
     • reinforcement strengthens behaviour
     • scientific and objective
     • experimental
     • can generalize from animal behaviour

2. Social Learning Theory

   • Modelling
     • observing the model
     • watch the punishment or reward
     • repeating behavior at later stage is called modelling
     • Bandura et al
       • ethics- protection of p's
       • demand characrteristics
       • low ecological validity
     • likely to model
       • models similar to P's
       • high staus
       • self-esteem
   • mediating Cognitive Factors
     • Stage one- attentional processes
       • see it
     • stage two- retentional process
       • behavior encoded, remembered it
     • stage three- motor reproduction processes
       • ability of observer to preform behaviour
     • stage four- motivation process
       • rewards and punishments determine if behaviour is repeated
   • Basic Assumptions
     • learnt from experience
     • mental processes are important
     • copy behaviour that has been rewarded
     • vicarious reinforcement increases likilhood
     • demonstrate behaviour when appropriate

3. Cognitive

   • Basic Assumptions
     • mental processes are important
     • mind is like computer
     • scientific
     • Objective
     • mind actively processes infromation
   • model to explain memory
     • Atkinson and Shiffrin model
   • information processing approach
     • input processes
       • 1. sensory registration of stimuli
       • 2.different senses, from environment
       • 3. goes to next stage
     • Storage Processes
       • 1.selecting and storing information
       • 2. storage and retrieval of information in memory
       • 3,create information necessary for producing appropriate response
     • Output processes
       • 1. produce appropriate response
       • 2.retrieve from memory appropriate motor patterns

4. Psychodynamic

   • Basic Assumptions
     • mental life happens at unconscious level
     • psychosexual stages
     • thoughts held in unconscious by repression
     • childhood experiences are important
     • personality has 3 parts, id, ego, superego
     • defence mechanisms protect ego from harm
     • individual case studies
     • Little Hans
     • Anna O
     • Slip of the tongue
     • Dreams
   • Psychosexual stages
   • Oedipious and Electra complex
   • personality
     • ID
       • primate part
       • True Unconscious
       • Not in touch with real world
       • Irrational
       • 'Pleasure principle'
     • Ego
       • appears aged 1-2
       • 'reality principle'
       • in touch with real world
     • Superego
       • result of oedipus and electra complex
       • 'morality principle'
       • learnt right and worng
   • defence mechnasisms
     • Denial
     • Repression
     • regression
     • rationalisation
     • projection
     • displacement
     • reaction formation
     • strategies used by the ego to protect itself from harm

5. Humanist

   • basic assumptions
     • subjective thoughts and feelings of individual
     • idiographic approach- focus on unquieness
     • free will
     • people must be looked at in a holistic view, the whole person
     • essentially good
     • strive to reach full potential
     • heirarchy of needs
     • problems are due to persons percieved self and ideal self
     • case studies
   • concepts of self actualisation
     • self
     • self-concept
     • incongruence
     • self-actualisation
       • accurate perception of the world
       • creative
       • acceptance of other people
       • detached and needing of privacy
     • hierachy of needs
   • conditions of worth
     • client centered therapies
     • conditions of worth
     • unconditional positive regard
     • conditional positive regard

6. Biological

   • Basic Assumptions
     • behviour is influenced by genetic makeup
     • brain essential for thought
     • chemical processes in brain
     • brain and mind are same
     • evolution
     • scientific
     • EEG's
     • MRI
     • post-mortem
     • identical and non-identical twins
     • brain damage
   • Biological structures
     • phenotype
     • genotype
     • Heredity
   • Neurones
     • Motor
     • sensory
     • interneuron
     • synapse
       • ACH
       • Endorphins
       • serotonin
   • Nervous System
     • Central nervous system
       • Brain stem
       • Cerebellum
       • cerebral hemisohere
     • Autonomic Nervous system
       • Sympathetic
         • pupils dillates
         • increase HR
         • inhibits digestion
       • parasympathetic
         • pupils contract
         • decrease HR
         • simulates Dgestion
       • fight or flight?
     • the endocrine system
     • the Brain
       • Broca's- function of speach
       • Wernickes's- speech comprehension

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