SANITARY AND SOIL & WASTE SYSTEM

SANITARY AND SOIL & WASTE SYSTEM

1. SANITARY FITMENTS AND APPLIANCES

   • Fitting that used for collection and discharge of soil/waste
     • SOIL APPLIANCES
       • Used for collection and discharge excreta matter. Eg: water closet, urinal etc
     • WASTE APPLIANCES
       • Used for collection and discharge of water after use. Eg: wash basin, kitchen etc
   • DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
     • Made of non-absorbent, non-corroding, smooth & easily cleaned material
       • 1. Ceramic ware
       • 2. Vitreous enameled cast iron
       • 3. Vitreous enameled pressed steel
       • 4. Stainless steel/Plastics
   • WATER CLOSETS
     • WASH DOWN TYPE
       • Common used. Contents of the pan removed by gravity flush. Economic, simple & efficient. Rarely blocked and used in all types of building
     • SIPHORIC TYPE
       • Much quieter in operation. Require less flush action. Not suitable for big buildings as it easily blocked.
   • FLUSHING CISTERN
     • Flush away contents of soil fittings to drain
       • 1. Bell type
         • Operated by chain pulled down that lifts the bell. When chain released the bell falls thus displacing water under the bell down the stand pipe, effecting the siphon which empties the cistern
       • 2.Disc/piston type
         • When lever depressed sharply, piston is lifted, which displaced water over the siphon. Water discharge down the flush pipe take some air and creates a partial vacuum in siphon. Greater air pressure forces water through the siphon until air is admitted under the piston which breaks the action.
       • 3. Automatic type
         • When the cistern fills, air in stand pipe gradually compressed. When head of water 'H' above the head, water in the trap forced out until air enter under the dome to break siphon. Its designed to discharge contents at regular intervals into urinal.
   • URINAL
     • Designed to accept & dispose of liquid human waste.
       • Three format available in ceramic ware/stainless steel
         • 1. Bowl - Secure to the wall, provided with division, more than one installed
           • 2. Flat slab - Fix against the wall with projecting return end slabs & low level channel
             • 3. Stalls - Curved stalls, dividing pieces and low level channel
   • BIDETS
     • Waste fitting. Designed to wash excretory organ and can be use as foot bath. Hot and cold water supply are mixed to the required temperature.
   • SHOWER
     • Used for hygiene and installed in bathroom.
   • BATHTUBS
     • Appliances which human body can be immersed in. Should be fix as low as possible.
   • SINKS
     • For culinary & other domestic uses. Can be wall mounted, set into counter tops or standing with legs.
   • WASH BASIN
     • Standard basin for domestic application to bathroom cloakrooms.

2. SOIL AND WASTE SYSTEM

   • FULLY VENTED ONE PIPE SYSTEM
     • Used in building with large number of sanitary appliances.
     • Single discharge pipe, into one main stack, relying upon appliance traps seal to act as the foul air barrier.
   • TWO PIPE SYSTEM
     • Traditional method of removing the discharge used when waste fitting are at some distance from soil fittings.
       • Soil pipe conveys soil discharge
       • Waste pipe conveys waste discharge
   • SINGLE STACK SYSTEM
     • Soil water and toilet waste enters 100mm diameter stack pipe. Running into underground sewage pipe system via manhole. This chamber allows for rodding to dislodge any blockages. Stack goes up to eaves level to allow venting of pipe.

3. LOSS OF TRAP WATER SEALS

   • Integral part of gullies and WCs, being moulded during manufacture. Smaller fittings must be fitted with a trap.
     • SELF-SIPHONAGE
       • Water fills the waste pipe & creates a vacuum to draw out seal.
     • INDUCED SIPHONAGE
       • Discharge from one appliance draws out the seal in trap of an adjacent appliance by creating a vacuum in that appliance's branch pipe.
     • BACK PRESSURE
       • Compression occurs due to resistance to flow at the base of a stack. Positive pressure replace water in lowest trap.
     • CAPILLARY ACTION
       • A piece of rag, string or hair caught on the trap outlet.
     • WAVERING OUT
       • Gust of wind blowing over top of stack can cause partial vacuum to disturb water seal
     • EVAPORATION
     • MOMENTUM
     • LEAKAGE

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