DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES: URINALYSIS

DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES: URINALYSIS

1. SPECIFIC GRAVITY

   • indicates the concentration of urine and hydration status of the patient
     • Normal Results:
       • • 1.010-1.025 -Increase dehydration, increase Aldosterone • Decrease- DI, excessive hydration, and renal tubular acidosis, diuretics

2. pH

   • is a measure of free hydrogen ion in the urine and indicates the renal tubules’ ability to maintain normal hydrogen concentration in the plasm
     • Normal findings
       • • 5.5-6-5( 4 to 8) ➢ 7.5: UTI <5.5–metabolic/ respiratory acidosis

3. PROTEIN

   • Proteinuria or persistent elevation of protein in the urine.
     • Normal Findings:
       • Protein: negative

4. GLUCOSE

   • Glucosuria or glucose in the urine results when blood glucose exceeds the resorptive capacity of the kidney: >180 mg/dl
     • Normal Findings:
       • Glucose: negative

5. KETONES

   • Ketonuria or ketones in the urine- results when body fat is metabolized for energy, as in cases of diabetic ketoacidosis, fasting, pregnancy, vomiting and diarrhea
     • Normal Findings:
       • Ketones: negative

6. Direct Bilirubin-

   • made in the hepatocyte and appears in the urine as an early manifestations of extrahepatic biliary tract obstruction or intrinsic hepatic disease.
     • Normal Findings:
       • Bilirubin: negative

7. Urobilinogen

   • the end product of conjugated bilirubin metabolism, and a small amount, 1 to 4 mg daily is excreted in the urine.
     • Normal Findings:
       • Urobilinogen: trace Increase-hepatocellular dse, hemolysis Absence-obstruction of biliary tree

8. Leukocyte esterase

   • indicates white blood cells in the urine
     • Normal Findings:
       • Leukocyte esterase : negative

9. Nitrites

   • strongly suggest bacteriuria.
     • Normal Findings:
       • Nitrites : negative

10. SIGNIFY RENAL DISEASE WHEN FOUND IN THE URINE.

    • - Red blood cell casts- indicate glomerulitis or vasculitis - White blood cell casts- bacterial infection -Granular casts disintegrated epithelial cells, leukocytes, or protein associated in small numbers: renal tubular disease -Hyaline cast mixture of mucus and globulin from tubules
    • Normal Findings:
      • Red blood cell casts- indicate glomerulitis or vasculitis White blood cell casts- bacterial infection Granular casts- renal tubular disease Hyaline cast mixture of mucus and globulin from tubules

11. URINE CULTURE AND SENSITIVITYURINE CULTURE AND SENSITIVITYURINE CULTURE AND SENSITIVITY

    • Normal Findings:
      • NEGATIVE