The Learning of a Second Language

The Learning of a Second Language

1. Independent Variables

   • Teaching
     • The Methodology
     • Syllabus
     • Teacher's Profile
     • Resources Avalible
   • Learner
     • Cognitive Factors
       • Intelligence
       • Aptitude
       • Learning Strategies
     • Affective Factors
       • Motivation
       • Anxiety
       • Attitude
     • Physical and Psychological Factors
       • Age
       • Personality
   • Context
     • Oportunities for Language Use

2. Dependent Variables

   • Learning
     • Influence by the three variables
     • Unconscious
     • Conscious
   • Outcome
     • Language Performance
       • Errors and External Reactions
       • The People and Culture

3. Interaction

   • Input
     • ELLIS (1985)
     • Behaviourism Theory
       • L2 is form by serious of habist
     • Various Sources
       • Speech
       • Writing
       • Authentic and Pedagogic materials
     • Nativist Theory
       • Chomsky LAD
     • Interactionist Theory
       • Social Interaction
     • KRASHEN (1985)
       • Comprehensible
         • Mentally possessed in real time
         • Meaningful Communication
     • ELLIES (1985)
       • Optimal Learning Enviroment
         • SS Perceive need to Communicate in L2
         • Control Over Topic
         • Exposure
           • To a High of Directive (commands, orders)
           • to a High of Extending Utterances
         • Opportunities
           • for Uninhibited Practice
           • to Listen and Produce the Used of Language Functions
   • result of
   • Natural Settings
     • Interactional Adjusment
       • Foreign Talk
         • Language
           • Native Speakers
             • Address
               • L2 Learners
     • Interactional Analysis
       • Teacher Talk
         • To Communicate
           • Students
         • To Develop
           • Learner's Foreign Language Proficiency

4. Multilingualism

   • Bilingual and multilingual research highlights the importance of the role of context and holistic approaches in understanding language acquisition

5. Bilingualism

6. Monolingualism

7. Formal Instruction

   • Morpheme Studies
     • Affect in minor way the natural role of SLA
   • Longitudinal Studies
     • Develop L2 knowledge where learner is attending to form
       • At the end of Interlanguage Stylistic
     • Facilitate more rapid development
       • Non - interface position Krashen (1982)
         • Acquired
         • Learned
       • The Interface position by Stevick (1980) and others
         • Learned could turn into Acquired
       • The Variability position Tarone (1983) and Bialystok (1982)
         • Acquisition and Language closely related
           • To performance different language tasks

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