A.anamenis

450cc, teeth-thick enamel, leg bone structure-bipedal, upper arm human-like
A.Afarensis (Lucy)
1. 3.9 -3mya Eastern Africa
2. slender bone structure, finger bones curved and arms long, arched foot, toes long and curved, ape like body hair, 1-1.5m tall
  1. CULTURAL EVOLUTION: No tool record left behind. Perishable material tools? Like modern chimps. Unsophisticated. Herbivores feeding on low grade plant material. Gatherers living in small wandering groups. No development of Broca's and Wrenicke's areas or voice box. Sounds and expression only. No evidence for abstract thought. No art, writing. No evidence for housing or burial of dead.
3. nuchal lines, no sagittal crest, brow ridge, low facial angle, protruding jaw, no chin, large/reduced canines, no nose bone, low cranial vault, diastema (gap between two big teeth) present, 375-550cc
4. herbivore diet, some sexual dimorphism
5. cooler and drier (savannah formation) bipedal helped escape predation on open savannah. bipedal freed up hands
6. A.africanus
  1. 3-2mya South Africa
  2. small brain (450cc), no sagittal crest, slight brow ridge, low facial angle, protruding jaw, no chin, large molars, nuchal lines, deeper and shorter jaws than apes, no nose, canines smaller, molars larger, no diastema, cranial vault more rounded
  3. warmer climate, more hair loss, diet changes to omnivore (hunter-gatherer)
  4. P.bosei
    1. small brain (500-545cc), sagittal crest, large brow ridge, low facial angle, large molars, small canines, no chin, large jaw, nuchal lines, no nose, flatter cranial vault, no diastema
    2. 2.1-1.1mya East Africa
    3. Tough diet, low grade plants, herbivore, outcompeted by Australopithecines
    4. P.robustus
      1. 1.5-2mya South Africa
      2. small brain (530cc), sagittal crest, heavy brow ridge, low faciial angle, dish shaped face, very large moalrs/premolars (megadont), no chin, massive mandible (jawbone), foramen magnum closer to front, mazzive zygomatic arch, no nose, flat cranial vault, no diastema
      3. dry Savannah environment, prompted bipedalism, sagittal crest due to nature of food eaten -tough, coarse plant food (increased SA to support greater muscle attachment)

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A.anamenis

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	Created by emmajadethompson over 10 years ago