2685535
Group display as an Adaptive Response
- Xenophobia
- A01
- Wilson
- Claims X has been documented in 'virtually every group of
animals displaying higher forms of social organisation'
- Natural selection has favoured genes that caused humans to be
naturally altruistic toward members of their own group but intolerant
towards outsiders
- MacDonald
- Suggests from evolutionary perspective, adaptive to exaggerate negative stereotypes about outsiders, as
over perception of threat is less costly than its under perception
- Suggests from evolutionary perspective, adaptive to exaggerate negative stereotypes about outsiders, as
over perception of threat is less costly than its under perception
- MacDonald
- Natural selection has favoured genes that caused humans to be
naturally altruistic toward members of their own group but intolerant
towards outsiders
- Claims X has been documented in 'virtually every group of
animals displaying higher forms of social organisation'
- X displays on terraces
- In 1980s, political organisation such as Northern League led to growth of
extreme right-wing movements characterised by racist chants + openly
anti-Semitic banners
- In 1980s, political organisation such as Northern League led to growth of
extreme right-wing movements characterised by racist chants + openly
anti-Semitic banners
- Wilson
- A02
- Research support
- Foldesi
- Provides evidence to support link between X + violent
displays among Hungarian football crowds
- Found racist conduct of core of extremist supporters led to increase of
spectators' violence in general, X outbursts in particular
- Usual targets = gypsies, Jews + Russians
- Usual targets = gypsies, Jews + Russians
- Found racist conduct of core of extremist supporters led to increase of
spectators' violence in general, X outbursts in particular
- Provides evidence to support link between X + violent
displays among Hungarian football crowds
- Foldesi
- IDA - Real-world application
- Power of X has motivated football clubs to take
steps to minimise its influence
- In Germany, all teams in Bundersleague played in shirts displaying
slogan: 'Mein Freund ist Auslander' ('My Friend is a Foreigner')
- In 2012, UK government pledged £200,000 to anti-racism football charity football charity Show Racism the
Red Card to counter influence of groups like English Defence League and BNP in British football
- In Germany, all teams in Bundersleague played in shirts displaying
slogan: 'Mein Freund ist Auslander' ('My Friend is a Foreigner')
- Power of X has motivated football clubs to take
steps to minimise its influence
- Research support
- A01
- Territoriality
- A01
- Huntingford + Turner
- T bhevaiour is common in many
animal species
- Typically show threat displays toward outsiders and
attack w/ greater vigour when defending home territory
- Form of T display has human eqivaent in aggressive
displays of sports teams prior to a match
- Samoa adopted manu siva tau war
chant before 1991 Rugby World Cup
- Displays intimidate opponents and make home
team more aggressive towards them
- Displays intimidate opponents and make home
team more aggressive towards them
- Samoa adopted manu siva tau war
chant before 1991 Rugby World Cup
- Form of T display has human eqivaent in aggressive
displays of sports teams prior to a match
- Typically show threat displays toward outsiders and
attack w/ greater vigour when defending home territory
- T bhevaiour is common in many
animal species
- Neave + Wolfson
- Found football teams playing at home far more likely to win tahn visting
team partly because players have benefit of huge surge in T before a match
- Believed this could be due to evolved drive to defend home
territory, led to more aggressive displays when playing at home
- Believed this could be due to evolved drive to defend home
territory, led to more aggressive displays when playing at home
- Found football teams playing at home far more likely to win tahn visting
team partly because players have benefit of huge surge in T before a match
- Huntingford + Turner
- A02
- Lewis et al
- Found, among football fans, crowd suport was rated as
most signifcant factor contributing to home advantage
- Fans felt responsible for inspiring team to
victory+ took credit for distracting oponents
- Precise way in which displays of support
have an effect has been diificult to pinpoint
- Crowd size is unclear as advantage
has been shown to operate even
with very small crowds
- Not known whether primary effect of crowd
displays is to 'psych up' home team or distract away
team
- Suggests original adaptive
function of such displays may
no longer be relevant
- Suggests original adaptive
function of such displays may
no longer be relevant
- Crowd size is unclear as advantage
has been shown to operate even
with very small crowds
- Precise way in which displays of support
have an effect has been diificult to pinpoint
- Fans felt responsible for inspiring team to
victory+ took credit for distracting oponents
- Found, among football fans, crowd suport was rated as
most signifcant factor contributing to home advantage
- Does home advantage really exist?
- Moore + Brylinsky
- Challenges claim home crowd displays
provide territorial advantage
- Measles epidemic resulted in quarantine that caused 11 American
basketball games for 2 teams to be played in absence of sepctators
- Siena Saints - 9 away games analysed (5
w/ spectators + 4 w/ no spectators)
- Hartford Hawks - 11 home games used
(4 w/ no spectators + 7 w/ spectators)
- Hartford scored average of 64.29 in front of
spectators yet 71.25 without spectators
- Suggests displays of support from home crowds didn't increase performance of teams
- Suggests displays of support from home crowds didn't increase performance of teams
- Hartford scored average of 64.29 in front of
spectators yet 71.25 without spectators
- Siena scored average of 76.25 when playing in front of
spectators + 86.20 in absence of spectators
- Hartford Hawks - 11 home games used
(4 w/ no spectators + 7 w/ spectators)
- Siena Saints - 9 away games analysed (5
w/ spectators + 4 w/ no spectators)
- Measles epidemic resulted in quarantine that caused 11 American
basketball games for 2 teams to be played in absence of sepctators
- Challenges claim home crowd displays
provide territorial advantage
- Moore + Brylinsky
- Lewis et al
- A01
- Benefits of aggressive displays
- A01
- Sexual selection
- In societies that experience frquent warfare, M
far more likely to escape infanticide than F
because they've potential usefulness in battle
- As result, M must compete w/
one another for mates - those
who do well in battle 'rewarded'
by access to F mates
- Displays of aggressiveness + bravery are attarctive to F,
their absence reduces attractiveness of indivi. M
- M warriors in traditional societies tend to have more
sexual partners + children suggesting direct reproductive
benefit
- M warriors in traditional societies tend to have more
sexual partners + children suggesting direct reproductive
benefit
- Displays of aggressiveness + bravery are attarctive to F,
their absence reduces attractiveness of indivi. M
- As result, M must compete w/
one another for mates - those
who do well in battle 'rewarded'
by access to F mates
- In societies that experience frquent warfare, M
far more likely to escape infanticide than F
because they've potential usefulness in battle
- Acquisition of Status
- Displays of ferocity by indivi. warriors would lead peers to
respect them more, so strengthen bond between them + other
M in group
- Displays of aggressivness + bravery in battle means indivi. are more likely to share
benefits associated w/ status, which in turn would increase their reproductive fitness
- Displays of aggressivness + bravery in battle means indivi. are more likely to share
benefits associated w/ status, which in turn would increase their reproductive fitness
- Fleeing from battle would make an indivi.
appear a 'coward', thus losing respect of peers
- Displays of ferocity by indivi. warriors would lead peers to
respect them more, so strengthen bond between them + other
M in group
- Sexual selection
- A02
- Research support - SS
- Palmer + Tilley
- Found M youth street gang members
have more sexual partners than
ordinary young M
- Found M youth street gang members
have more sexual partners than
ordinary young M
- Leunissan + Van Vugt
- Found military M have greater sex
appeal but only if they've been
observed showing bravery in combat
- Found military M have greater sex
appeal but only if they've been
observed showing bravery in combat
- Palmer + Tilley
- War isn't 'in the genes'
- Rather than being an evolved adaptation, looks
as if warfare emerged as rational response to
changing lifestyle
- Suggests warfare, + aggressive displays associated w/ warfare, aren't
biological comulsions but are consequence of environmental changes
- Suggests warfare, + aggressive displays associated w/ warfare, aren't
biological comulsions but are consequence of environmental changes
- Rather than being an evolved adaptation, looks
as if warfare emerged as rational response to
changing lifestyle
- Research support - SS
- A01
- Costly displays signal commitment
- A01
- Signals of commitment
- Anthropologists suggest ritual displays is promotion of
group solidarity, particularly in times of collective action
- Irons
- Claims costliness of permanent displays such as scars + mutilation
means they serve as honest signals of commitment to group
- Engaging in such displays, indivi.
demonstrate commitment + loyalty to
group + so can benefit from profits of
warfare aginst another group
- Engaging in such displays, indivi.
demonstrate commitment + loyalty to
group + so can benefit from profits of
warfare aginst another group
- Claims costliness of permanent displays such as scars + mutilation
means they serve as honest signals of commitment to group
- Irons
- Anthropologists suggest ritual displays is promotion of
group solidarity, particularly in times of collective action
- Minimising likelihood of defection
- During battle each indivi. has an incentive to keep himself out of
harms way - as a result, exposes others to greater risk of injury or
death
- In groups where war against other groups is relatively frequent,
displays, such as permanent scars or piercings, would be important
for survival of group
- Such permanent displays minimise ability of M to abscond to
another group + increase their commitment to group of which they
are a member
- Such permanent displays minimise ability of M to abscond to
another group + increase their commitment to group of which they
are a member
- In groups where war against other groups is relatively frequent,
displays, such as permanent scars or piercings, would be important
for survival of group
- During battle each indivi. has an incentive to keep himself out of
harms way - as a result, exposes others to greater risk of injury or
death
- Signals of commitment
- A02
- Limitations of Evol. explanation of warfare
- Explanations of displays of aggression that are based on mating
success, status or commitment fail to explain astonishing levels
of cruelty that are often found in human wars - not among
non-human species
- Why do humans torture or mutilate their opponents
when they've already been defeated + no longer pose a
threat
- Anthropological evidence suggests may be more a consequence of
deindividuation effects than of Evol. adaptions
- Anthropological evidence suggests may be more a consequence of
deindividuation effects than of Evol. adaptions
- Why do humans torture or mutilate their opponents
when they've already been defeated + no longer pose a
threat
- Explanations of displays of aggression that are based on mating
success, status or commitment fail to explain astonishing levels
of cruelty that are often found in human wars - not among
non-human species
- Gender bias in
explanations of warfare
- Evol. explanations for warfare may demonstrate gender bias
as they don't adequately reflect behaviour of W in this process
- Adams
- Claimed idea of W warrior is almost unheard of within most societies, even
within those that allow W to participate in war, they're always rare exception
- W would have considerably less to gain from fighting in near
certain-death situations + considerably more to lose
- Fundamental to W exclusion from warfare, as W simply don't increase their fitness nearly as much as men do
- Our understanding of displays typically found in
warfare is limited to behaviour of M rather than F
- Our understanding of displays typically found in
warfare is limited to behaviour of M rather than F
- Fundamental to W exclusion from warfare, as W simply don't increase their fitness nearly as much as men do
- W would have considerably less to gain from fighting in near
certain-death situations + considerably more to lose
- Claimed idea of W warrior is almost unheard of within most societies, even
within those that allow W to participate in war, they're always rare exception
- Adams
- Evol. explanations for warfare may demonstrate gender bias
as they don't adequately reflect behaviour of W in this process
- Limitations of Evol. explanation of warfare
- A01
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