Cognitive influences on Language Learning

Cognitive influences on Language Learning

1. Cognitive Factors

   • Mental conditions, strategies, processes which the learner has access to while learning a foreign language
   • Intelligence "G" Factor
     • General factor present in all learners
       • Is a strong factor of success of LAL in formal instruction contexts (Lightbown & Spada 1993: 37)
     • Multifacet nature
     • Defined and measured "IQ" in terms of abilities
       • Linguistic abilities
       • Logico mathematical abilities
     • Multiple Intelligences (Gardner 1985)
       • Logico -mathematic
       • Linguistic
       • Spatial
       • Musical
       • Bodily - Kinesthetic
         • Fine motor movement
       • Intrapersonal
         • Ability to relate others
       • Interpersonal
         • Ability to relate to one self. (self-knowledge)
       • Naturalistic
         • Ability ti recognize forms
       • Spiritual
         • Abilty ti relate to things of a spiritual nature
   • Aptitude for learning a language
     • Natual ability that people possess to learn languages
       • consist of a language analytic ability & auditory ability (Pimsleur 1968)
     • Is an innate capacity that could be developed with an adequate instruction
     • Related to learner's acquisition rather than to the route of acquisition
     • If learners are specially gifted for the learning of a language their learning will progress more rapidly
     • Connected with other variables (age, motivation, sex, personality)
     • Language aptitud Test
       • Carroll & Sapon (1959)
         • Reflect audiolingual principles
         • Id. 4 main components in Language Aptitude
           • Phonemic or phonetic coding ability
             • ability to discriminate & recall new sounds
           • Grammatical sensitivity
             • ability to recognize the different grammatical functions
           • Inductive language learning
             • ability to id. patterns of relationships & differences between grammatical forms and meanings
           • Rute learning
             • ability to make associations between native language words & target language words (memory)
       • Pimsleur (1968) Laanguage aptitud battery
         • Language aptitude seems to consist of a language analytic ability & an auditory ability
       • Bristol Language Project (1985)
         • Story of children's language development in the 1st language
           • aptitud was related to 1st language learning ability
           • It could be predictable from 4 main sources
             • Social class
             • Vocabulary development
             • parental education
             • innate language learning ability
       • Henmon (1929) Symonds (1930
         • design 1st apptitud's test batteries
   • Cognitive Style
     • The manner in which the learner receives, monitors, conceptualists and recalls linguistic information
       • Group Embedded test (GET) Witkin (1962)
         • Measure the dependence and independence dimension
           • Dependence
             • personal orientation
             • Holistic dependent
             • Socially sensitive
           • Independence
             • impersonal orientation
             • Analytic
             • Independent
             • Not socially aware
         • Reflect the way individuals perceive and organize the world
     • Learning Styles
       • 4 Learning Styles Reid (1987)
         • Visual learning
           • Learns by seeing words
         • Auditory learning
           • Learns by hearing words
         • Kinaesthetic learning
           • Learning by experience
         • Tactile learning
           • hands-on learning, learning by doing
       • Willing (1987) learning styles
         • Concrete learning style
           • people oriented, spontaneous
         • Analytic learning style
           • object - orientated, high capacity for making connections and inferences
         • Communicative learning style
           • quite autonomous, prefers social learning, likes taking decisions.
         • Autority - oriented
           • Depend on the teacher
     • Combination of affect & Cognition Brown (1973)
       • Reflective - impulsive thinking
       • Broad - narrow categorizing
       • Skeletonizing - embroidering
       • belief congruence - contradiction
   • Learning Strategies
     • Steps taken by the learner to aid the
       • acquisition
       • storage
       • retrieval of information
     • Particular approaches or techniques that learners employ to try to learn a foreign language. (Willing 1988)
       • behavioural
         • Repeating aloud
       • Mental
         • infering the meaning,
         • Using in a situational context.
     • Cognitive strategies
       • Involve the manipulation of the language
         • Generalising
         • Making comparisons
         • Note taking
         • Practising
         • analysing
         • reasoning
     • Memory
       • techniques to store and retrieve the stored info
     • Compensation strategies
       • behavious adopted by students to compensate for missing knowledge
         • circumlocution
         • avoidance
         • guessing
         • listening
     • Metacognitive
       • involve being aware and reflecting upon the learning process
     • Social
       • social behaviors involving other people in the language learning
         • study with friends
         • group conversations
     • Affective
       • help learners achieve better control over their emotions and attitudes
     • Communication
       • paraphrase
       • code-switching
       • avoidance
       • restructuring
       • repetition
       • literal translation
     • Out of class learning strategies
       • improve the learning outside of formal instruction
         • going to the cinema
         • going to the cinema
         • reading news papers
     • Importance
       • contribute to the main goal
       • Allow learners to be more autonomous
       • are problem oriented
       • support learning directly and indirectly
       • aren't always observable and are reflexive
       • are influenced by various factors
         • sex
         • age
         • nationality
         • personality

2. Student: Ma. de Lourdes García Moreno References: IEXPRO UNIVERSITY 2019 , CLASS ANTOLOGY

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