GEOGRAPHY UNIT 2: COASTS

GEOGRAPHY UNIT 2: COASTS

1. SOFT MANAGEMENT

   • BEACH REPLENISHMENT
     • LOOKS NATURAL
     • CHEAP
     • AFFECTS PLANT LIFE
     • DISRUPTION FROM LORRIES CARRYING SAND
   • CLIFF REGARDING
     • VERY NATURAL
     • ENCOURAGE VEGETATION GROWTH
     • MAY HAVE TO DEMOLISH HOUSES ON THE CLIFF

2. HARD MANAGEMENT

   • SEA WALL
     • MADE OF CONCRETE
     • EXPENSIVE
     • UNATTRACTIVE; CAN PUT TOURISTS OFF
   • RIP RAP
     • CHEAP
     • EFFECTIVE FOR YEARS
     • UNATTRACTIVE
     • NOT EFFECTIVE IN STORMS
   • GABIONS
     • CHEAP
     • ABSORB WAVE ENERGY
     • UNATTRACTIVE
     • CAGE CAN BREAK; NEEDS TO BE SECURE

3. LONG SHORE DRIFT

4. CASE STUDY; BARTON-ON-SEA

   • POPULATION OF 24,000
   • 2004- 300 METER CLIFF PATH CLOSED- CLIFF SLIPPING
     • 1975- CAFE DEMOLISHED
     • 1975- MANOR LODGE- WORTH £40,000 DEMOLISHED- 20 METERS ON CLIFF EDGE
     • ROCK GROYNES AND RIP RAP COSYING £1 MILLION- 1970'S

5. CASE STUDY; WALTON-ON-THE-NAZE

   • SEASIDE RESORT
   • ESSEX COAST
   • 1977- GROYNES USED TO STOP LONG SHORE DRIFT
   • 1998- RIP RAP USED TO SLOW DOWN EROSION
   • £167,00 FOR 300 TONES OF GRANITE PLACED AROUND TOWER BREAKWATER

6. PREDICTION- MONITOR SEA AND WEATHER CONDITIONS, ASSESSES OF WHEN STORMS ARE MORE LIKELY

7. PREVENTION- DECISIONS MADE ABOUT SEA DEFENCES, BUILDING DESIGNS, WARNINGS TO PEOPLE, REDUCES THE IMPACTS

   • CASE STUDY: HAPPISBURGH
     • 850 PEOPLE
     • VILLAGE IN NORFOLK
     • CLIMATE CHANGE; RISING SEA LEVELS
     • 'HOLD THE LINE'- 'SEA IS ALLOWED TO COME IN' MANAGED RETREAT
     • LOSS OF VALUE ON PROPERTY
     • HOUSE PROPERTY DOWN TO £1
     • 25 PROPERTIES LOST, LIVE BOAT STATION WASHED AWAY
     • ERODES 40 FT/YEAR
     • EROSION OF BEACH RD
     • DEFENCES
       • FOR
         • LOCAL RESIDENTS OF BEACH RD- LOSING THEIR HOME
         • HAPPISBURGH POST OFFICE OWNER
         • LOCAL GP
         • RESIDENTS OF HAPPISBURGH
       • AGAINST
         • DEFRA SPOKESPERSON ( DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT, FOOD AND RURAL AFFAIRS)- MAKE SURE TAX PAYERS MONEY IS USED WISELY

8. WEATHERING

   • PHYSICAL
     • ACTION OF WEATHER ( RAIN OR TEMPERATURE CHANGE)
       • FREEZE THAW; RAIN FALLS INTO CRACKS OF ROCKS, THIS MAY FREEZE AND EXPAND THE ROCK, MAKING IT BREAK OFF ( FROST SHATTERING)
   • CHEMICAL
     • RAIN WATER SLIGHTLY ACIDIC, HUMAN ACTIVITY CREATES POLLUTANTS IN THE ATMOSPHERE, MAKING RAIN WATER ACIDIC. ROCKS ERODE IN ACID RAIN
   • BIOLOGICAL
     • GROWTH OF ROOTS AND ANIMALS, ACTIVITY ALSO AIDS THE BREAK UP OF ROCKS

9. EROSION

   • ATTRITION
     • ROCK FRAGMENTS GRIND AGAINST EACH OTHER, TURNING INTO SMALL, SMOOTH PEBBLES WHICH ARE LATER DEPOSITED AT BEACHES
   • CORROSION
     • CHEMICAL ACTION OF SEA ON ROCK, LIMESTONE DISSOLVES IN WATER, SOME SEA SALTS REACT WITH ROCKS AND CAUSES THEM TO ROT
   • CORRASION (ABRASION)
     • CAUSED BY BROKEN ROCK FRAGMENTS, BATTERING THE LAND, E.G. CLIFFS, BREAKING OFF MORE ROCK PIECES
   • HYDRAULIC ACTION
     • SEA WATER CRASHES AGAINST LAND, AIR AND WATER IS TRAPPED/COMPRESSED IN THE ROCK CRACK. THE SEA MOVES AWAY AGAIN, AIR EXPANDS, WEAKENING ROCKS, ENLARGING CRACKS AND BREAKING PIECES OFF

10. COASTAL RECESSION

    • WAVE POWER
      • IF THE FETCH IS LONGER, THE STRONGER THE WIOND AND THE MORE POWERFUL THE WAVE
    • GEOLOGY
      • IF THE ROCKS ARE HARD, LESS LIKELY OF EROSION. LIMESTONE WILL ERODE QUICKLY, WAVES EXPLOIT LINES OF WEAKNESS
    • MANAGEMENT
      • OLD MANAGEMENT ISN'T EFFECTIVE AS NEW MANAGEMENT, SOME AREN'T UPDATED BECAUSE THE COUNCIL DO NOT THINK THE COAST IS WORTH SAVING
    • FETCH
      • LONGER FETCH CREATES POWERFUL WAVES - CREATING DESTRUCTIVE WAVES

11. HEADLAND EROSION

Images and files in the map