FINDINGS: 44.8% of males and 30.6% of females committed at least
one of the studied crimes Offenders of violent crime likely to be victim
of violent crime KEY FACTORS ARE - weak family, poor parental
monitoring and truancy poor self-control and weak morality
CONCLUSIONS: 1-Propensity-Induced, its a personality or characteristic
2-Lifestyle-dependent, peer centered activities high alcohol and drug uses
3-Situationaly-limited, well adjusted but offend if high levels of risk
Biological
Brain Dysfunction - Raine
Criminals has less activity in pre-frontal
cortex-impulsive behaviour, and in
amygdala-emotional response i.e. fear
Genes & Serotonin - Brunner
Extreme violence in a family. Mutated MAOA
breaks down dopamine, serotonin &
noradrenalin=increased aggressive behaviour
Gender - Daly & Wilson
Evolutionary - Male risk taking to
impress female mate- survival value
Cognitive
Criminal Thinking Patters - Yochelson & Samenow
Longitudial study. Series of interviews carried out. behaviours-
restless, lack empathy, want life of excitement poor at decision making
Moral Development - Kohlberg
Moral development in children. Suggests that criminals have
lesser developed morals - that's why they commit crime
Social Cognition - Gudjohnsson
Attribution of blame. External-behaviour blamed on social
factors. Mental-behavoiur blamed on mental disposition at
the time. Remorse- shows guilt/remorse about the behaviour
Reaching a verdict
Persuading a Jury
Order of testimony - Pennington & Hastie
Evidence being ruled inadmissable - Pickel
Persuasion - Cutler
Reaching a Verdict
Minority Influence - Moscovici
minorities can influence a
majority if they are consistent
Majority Influence - Asch
Stages & Influences - Hastie
Witness Apeall
Atractiveness of Defendant - Castellow
Video or screen for child - Ross et al
Wintess Confidence - Penrod & Cutler
Making a case
Offender profiling
Topdown Approach - Canter
Identifying behavioural pattern from similarities between offences.
It can lead to understanding of how offenders behaviour can change
John Duffy - Canter
First attempt to use
behavioural characteristic
Bottoms up - Hazelwood & Douglas
Organised and disorganised ofenders
Interviewing witness
Weapon Focus - Loftus
36 American uni students. Effect of presence of a
weapon when recognising face. 38.9% correct (no
weapon) 11.1% correct (weapon)
second experiment carried out
supported these findings
Recognising Faces - Bruce et al
48 Uni students Compared internal
and external features when trying to
remember
Cognitive Interview - Fisher
16 detectives from Florida trained in cognitive interview
techniques 47% more info than before training
Interviewing Suspect
Interrogation Techniques - Inbau
Presenting a mass on damaging facts to
persuade criminals they have no choice but
to confess
False Confessions - Gudjonsson
Case study of false confession of a youth whom
was susceptible to interrogative pressure
Detecting Lies - Mann at al
99 Kent police officers. Asked to judge truthfulness
of suspects in 54 police videos