As communities grew in size, so did managerial difficulties they faced
Solution: Grant managerial power to elite groups
At first this worked; but over time, elites gained control over large amounts of resources
Critical transition from personal relations to impersonal power
From power over things to power over people
What were the major causes of the emergence of our modern form of society?
Agriculture
Agriculture raises productivity to partic. degree
By grooming so intense that it eventually transforms favoured species
Transformation through early form of genetic engineering, "domestication"
Increase in population
Spurred by technological changes
These 20th c. changes supported huge pops.
Leads to rise in agricultural productivity
Increased food production
Collective learning
Humankind added another level of behaviour 250000 years ago
Our use of language and other symbols began to introduce new capacity for "collective learning"
Distinctive to humans is that they learn collectively
Innovation
What can we learn from 'Big History' that is of relevance to understanding the challenges we confront in the 21st century?
Scope of human history; long-term trends can be seen from a "stepping back" view
Trend: as global inequalities increase, resources are being consumed in ever-increasing amounts to sustain vast hierarchical structures of modern capitalist societies
History is complex
History is about context - nothing happens in isolation - events are linked
Punctuated evolution - punctuated with new ideas; we make progress and take steps forward
It is in the nature of reality to be unpredictable
This type of unpredictability often described as chaos
Choas theory: billions of tiny uncertainties can accumulate through long chains of causation until they create large-scale unpredictability