If and unless, when and until

If and unless, when and until

1. If

   • To speak of hypotheses in the past or of conditions with their future consequences.
     • Example
       • If you study, you will pass the exam

2. Unless

   • Means the same as if + not
   • It is followed by a verb in the present, past or "past perfect"
   • It is used in place of if + not in conditional sentences of all types.

3. When

   • To talk about a specific point in time when something happened or will happen:
     • Example
       • When we were in Greece, we went to as many islands as possible.

4. Until

   • Until as a time conjunction means up to a time in the past or future.
   • In the case of until, the main clause usually comes first
     • I’m going to wait until the January sales start to buy a new jacket.

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