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JCG9 MM

Homeschool Covey Geography Junior Certificate English

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JCG9 MM

9. Rivers9.Rivers
- People and rivers
  - Transport
  - Tourism
  - Fishing
  - Settlements
  - Pollution
  - HEP
  - Domestic water supply
  - Flooding
- YOUTHFUL STAGE - Upper Course
  - https://youtu.be/zNgZFb9HmlI
- MATURE STAGE Middle Course
  - https://youtu.be/06zTFc5_Ra8
  - Features of River Erosion:
    - YOUTHFUL STAGE - Upper Course
      - V- Shapped Valley
        River Liffey, Lee & Moy
        Features
        Steep sides and narrow floor.
        V shaped Valley
        Formed by vertical erosion
        Hydraulic Action
        Deep, narrow valley
        Mechanical weathering
        Mass Movement
      - Interlocking Spurs
        River Barrow & Slaney
        Features
        Zig Zag Shape
        Jut's out at both sides
        Formation
        Spurs are bands of hard rock.
      - Waterfalls
        Torc water in Killarney. Powers court waterfall in Co. Wicklow
        Features
        Extremely fast moving water
        vertical drop
        Formation
        hard rock
        soft rock
        undercuting
        Plunge pool
        swirl
        erosion
        ledge created
        Overhang
        Collapse
        Repeat
        Upstream
        gorge
        CASE STUDY - FOCOS ON THIS
      - Vertical erosion
        Vertical erosion occurs when a river erodes down into its bed. This takes place in the upper course/youthful stage.
    - MATURE STAGE Middle Course
      - Meanders "S shaped"
        Formed by
        lateral erosion on the outside of the bend
        deposition on the inside.
      - Oxbow Lakes
        Formed by
        when a river erodes through a meander
        leaves the horseshoe part to one side
      - Lateral erosion
        Lateral erosion occurs when a river erodes outwards into its banks (sides). This takes place in the middle course/mature stage.
    - OLD STAGE Lower Course
      - https://youtu.be/gSM7WcadEIU
      - Flood plains
        The floodplain of a river is the area of flat land beside a river over which a river floods in its lower course/old stage.
        Alluvium
        Alluvium is the material deposited on its floodplain by a river. It is very fertile.
        form due to both erosion and deposition
      - Levees
        Formed when the river floods and deposits the heaviest material first.
        Ridges of alluvium found on either side of the river in the lower course
- OLD STAGE Lower Course
- 3
  - Interlocking Spurs
- 4
  - Waterfall
- 6
- 8
  - Ox-Bow
  - Floodplains
- 2
  - V Shaped Valley
- 1
  - Source
    - The source of a river is the point where it begins, usually in the mountains.
  - - Rivers Features
      - Source
        The source of a river is the point where it begins, usually in the mountains.
      - Course
        The course of a river is the path it takes between its source and its mouth. (to the sea)
      - Confluence
        A confluence is the point where two rivers meet.
      - Tributary
        A tributary is a smaller river that joins a larger river.
      - Mouth
        The mouth of a river is the point where it ends, usually when it enters the sea.
      - Drainage basin
        A drainage basin is the area of land drained by a river – all water from this area flows into the river.
      - Watershed
        A watershed is an area of high ground that separates one river system from another.
      - Estuary
        The tidal part of the mouth of the river
    - The ways the river changes the landscape
      - Processes of river erosion
        Wears it away
        How does a river erode?
        Hydraulic action
        Hydraulic action is the force of moving water, which is most effective on bends
        Abrasion
        Abrasion is where the river uses its load to erode its bed and banks.
        Attrition
        Attrition occurs when the rocks within the river’s load crash against each other, breaking them down into smaller particles.
        Solution
        Solition occurs where chemicals within the river dissolve the rocks over which it flows,  e.g., limestone/chalk.
      - Processes of river transportation
        Moves eroded material downstream
        Rolling
        Traction
        Traction is the process whereby larger rocks are rolled slowly along the river bed.
        Bouncing
        Saltation
        Saltation occurs when larger rocks are bounced along the river bed.
        Float
        Suspension
        Suspension involves the transportation of light particles such as sand and silt in suspended load.  Such particles are too light to fall to the river bed.
        Dissolve
        Solution
        Solution is the process whereby rocks that have been dissolved are carried as minerals within the river. 
        How does a river carry its load?
      - Deposition
        Deposition occurs when a river slows down and drops its load. This takes place in the middle course/mature stage and mainly in the lower course/old stage.
- 5
  - Rapids
- 7
  - Meanders
- 10
  - Mouth
    - The mouth of a river is the point where it ends, usually when it enters the sea.
- 9
  - Leeves
- Stage of a River
  - YOUTHFUL STAGE - Upper Course
    - Small amount of water & fast moving
    - Lots of Erosion
      - Hydraulic action
      - Abrasion
      - Attrition
      - Solution
    - Most energy used to erode
  - MATURE STAGE Middle Course
    - River starts to slow down
    - High volume of water
    - Erosion and Deposition
    - Valley has wider floor & sides are gently sloping
    - Water erodes the river sides
  - OLD STAGE Lower Course
    - Leveling off - almost flat
    - River very slow moving with large volume of water
    - Depositing
    - Valley has wide flat floor & gently slopes
    - Not Eroding
- - How do people use rivers?
    - https://youtu.be/ulTba1xbSy4
    - Tourism
      - fishing
      - Cruising
        River Shannon
    - Electric Power (HEP)
      - Negative impacts
        Dams cause some land upstream to flood. This can destroy farm land and some homes
        Fish populations such as salmon and trout can decrease as their path up river is blocked.
        The dam/reservoir have used up so much water that the river no longer floods atold stage/lower course.
        In floodplains, rivers deposit fertile material called alluvium, making agriculture difficult.
        Dam construction impacts the river’s delta, they are the home to many different species of plants, fish, and wildlife. When we build a dam, we reduce the amount of fresh water reaching the delta, which means it will shrink in size, leading to the loss of wildlife.
        Flooding on an epic scale to result if a dam collapses.
      - Positive impact
        source of water for nearby towns
        HEP stations produce large amounts of renewable energy
        creates an artificial lake or reservoir behind the dam
        fishing
        water skiing
        water sports
        help irrigate land nearby
      - Dams - To produce energy for local area
        Three Gorge dam in China
        Inniscarra in Cork
      - CASE STUDY - FOCOS ON THIS
    - Transport
      - Transport heavy goods & people
        River Rhine - throughout Europe
- - Patterns of drainage
    - Dendritic
      - Tree Like
    - Trellis
      - Right Angled = 90 degress
    - Radial
    - Deranged
    - Rectangular

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Description: Junior Certificate Geography Mind Map on JCG9 MM, created by Homeschool Covey on 23/05/2021.
Created by: Homeschool Covey
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