Topic 2

Topic 2

1. Wall

   • Definition : An upright construction that separate the spaces inside and outside of a building.
     • Functions
       • To provide protection from weather and animals
         • To divide the areas.
           • Act as sound barriers.
             • Separate the interior space.
       • Material for wall construction
         • Timber
           • Brick
           • Concrete block
             • Reinforced concrete
       • Type
         • Load Bearing Wall ; Able to carry the load from above (own weight & load from roof) and transfer it to the foundation.
         • Non-Load Bearing Wall ; Carry their own weight only.
   • Cavity wall
     • Mostly found in cold weather
       • A cavity of 50mm space to acts as a moisture barrier and insulation of the inner wall.
         • Thickness of 252.5mm
           • Functions to prevent penetration of rain to the internal surface of the wall.
   • Shear wall
     • Used on construction to increase the structure's resistance to lateral loads, which are loads that stress a structure horizontally.
       • Provides lateral stiffness to prevent the roof or floor above from excessive sideway.
         • Buildings suffer less nonstructural damage.
   • Wall finishes
     • Plastering/cement rendering.
       • wood panels, timber strips, wall paper and ceramic tiles.
   • Wall of framed building
     • Solid brick/masonry
       • Pre-cast concrete
       • In-fill panels
         • Curtain walling
   • Curtain wall
     • Outer covering of a building, keep out the weather.
       • Majority of wall made out of glass.
         • Natural light can penetrate deeper within the building.
           • Not carry any dead load weight other than its own dead load.
             • Types : Stick & utilize build system.

2. External wall

   • Strength
     • Stability
       • Weather resistance
         • Durability
           • Fire resistance

3. Internal wall

   • Positions that provide separation
     • Sound insulation
       • Stability
         • Fire resistance

4. Mortar

   • Mixture of cement, lime & fine sand; used to join the individual units of the building material such as bricks, block/stones into a uniform mass.
     • Purpose
       • Mixture
         • 1:3 (cement & fine sand) + lime (for greater strength).
         • The mixture of mortar should be weaker than the masonry so that any movement will cracks the mortar instead of the wall.
         • Joints
           • Flush joint ; Mortar joint is level with the masonry and gives a flat appearance.
             • Weather stuck joint ; Mortar is leveled off with a trowel at an angle that slopes down and out.
               • Half round joint ; A semicircular concave joints that is formed with a steel rod drown along the joint.
                 • Recessed joint ; A vertical joint that is set back 4mm to 5mm . It is formed with a square rod.
       • Bonding
         • Method used to avoid continuous vertical joints which can make a wall unstable when loads are uneven.
           • Stretcher
             • English
               • Flemish
                 • Common/American
                   • Herring bone
               • Raking
                 • English Garden Wall
                   • Flemish Garden Wall
                     • Running bond
       • Openings in brick wall
         • Lintels
           • Arches
     • A level bed surface for the brick, block/stone to sit on to maintain horizontal & vertical stability.
       • A water resistant filler between the units to prevent the penetration of water into the interior of the building.