Puntation Mark

Puntation Mark

1. COMMA

   • PERIOD / FULL STOP
     • COLON
       • PARENTHESES ( ) AND BRACKETS [ ]
         • are a puntuaction mark used to contain text that is not part of the main sentence.
           • we use parentheses to.
             • To include extra information
               • To cite authors
                 • To introduce abbreviations
                   • To translate words or short phrases
                     • To give examples
                       • To define or restate a word
                         • To introduce terms
                           • Brackets
                             • To explain something in a quotation
                               • To replace something in a quotation
                                 • With sic to show the text is as per the original
       • A colon introduce a list. It is important to remember that a colon introduces a list.
         • Ex. okay: On our farm we grow three crops: wheat, alfafa, and soybeans.
           • Use colon to introduce a quotation of seven or more words.
             • Miele (1993, p. 278) established the following: "The placebo effect.....disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner."
               • When starting time, use a colon between the hour and the minute.
                 • 10:30 p.m - 7:00 a.m.
                   • When writing formal letters, use a colon after salutation.
                     • To whom it May Concern:
                       • Dear Sir:
                         • Dear Mr. Spiegler:
     • Multiple punctuation
       • if a sentence otherwise ends with a question mark or exclamation point, the period is omitted.
         • Example: He used to work at Yahoo!
           • Direct and indirect question
             • An indirect question ends with a period, not a question mark.
               • Direct question: What is she doing tonight? Indirect question: I wonder what she's doing tonight.
                 • Proper placement of the period with parentheses
                   • If a sentences ends with a parenthical that is only part of a larger, sentences, the period is placed out
                     • Ex. Hotel rooms are likely to be in short supply throughout Agust ( the peak travel period).
                       • Proper placement of the period with quotation marks
                         • If a sentence ends with quoted material, the period is placed inside the closing quatation mark, even if the period is not part of the original quotation.
                           • The president´s speech both began and ended with the word "freedom."
   • is a punctuation mark that separates words, ideas and phrases within a sentence.
     • it also used to indicate a pause, in a sentence.
       • First Rule
         • Use comma to separate items in a series of three or more things.
           • Example: I bought juice, milk, and water.
             • Second rule
               • Use a comma to separate independent clauses when they are joined by the following conjuntions: FANBOYS
                 • For, and, nor, but, or, yet and so.
                   • Example: I would like to go out with them, but I need to stay at home this weekend
                     • Third rule
                       • Use a comma to separate a dependent clause from an independent clause
                         • Example: When I become a teacher, I will be better than now.
                           • Fourth Rule
                             • Use a comma to separate any word or phrase from the rest of the sentence that is not essential to the sentence`s meaning.
                               • Example.: Jennyfer, my secretary, is going to take you to the parking lot.

2. APOSTROPHES AND DASH

   • QUESTION MARK and EXCLAMATION MARK
     • SEMI COLON
       • are not interchangeable with commas or periods.
         • are not interchangeable with commas or periods.
           • semicolons are not interchangeable with commas or periods.
             • semicolons are not interchangeable with commas or periods.
     • that is used following a question in a sentence.
       • Use a question mark only after a direct question.
         • replace a period at the end of a sentence.
           • Avoid the common trap of using question marks with indirect questions.
             • Some sentences are statements—or demands—in the form of a question. They are called rhetorical questions because they don't require or expect an answer.
               • Use a question mark when a sentence is half statement and half question.
                 • Exclamation
                   • It is a punctuation mark which is used to express strong feelings or emotions.
                     • The exclamation point should be mainly used to demonstrate shock, surprise, anger or a raised voice.
                       • is used at the end of a strong command.
                         • Do not use the exclamation point with a period (full stop), comma, colon, or semicolon.
   • indicate that one or more letters have been left out of a word
     • marks possession.
       • It is used in contractions to indicate the place where the letters have been omitted.
         • Use an apostrophe in the possessive form of a noun
           • To show possession for a plural noun that does not end in s, add an apostrophe + s ('s).
             • Dash
               • can be used to replace parentheses, colons, and commas.
                 • can be used to join independent clauses
                   • to set off extra information in a sentence.
                     • emphasize a point in a sentence

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