PUNCTUATION MARKS

PUNCTUATION MARKS

1. APOSTROPHE AND DASH: apostrophe is the mark (') when it is wrtten to indicate that one or more letters have been left out of a word. -DASH: is a mark of separation stonger than a comma, less formal than a colon, and more relaxed than parentheses.

   • USES AND EXAMPLES
     • APOSTROPHE
       • - Use apostrophe in the possessive form of a noun to indicate ownership. Ex: The child's toy was on the shelf.
         • - Proper Noun+Apostrophe. Ex: Maria and Rocio's brother is older than me.
         • - Compound Noun+Apostrophe. Ex: My mother in law's house is too far.
           • - Contration: apostrophes mark the omission of the sound of one or more letters or numbers. Ex: Don't (do not)/ o'clock (of the time)
             • - To form the plural of letters in the sentence. Ex: The sing was missing A's and M's.
     • DASH
       • - Em dash can be used to join independent clauses, to set off extra information in a sentence. Ex: I fell over at school today- that was embarrasing.
         • - Em-dashan can connect a independents clause with the related thought in the sentence. Ex: "Abby gave me a terrible haircut-and she expected a tip!"
           • - The en-dash can only be used between times, dates, and forms of indexing. Ex: I have to work from 6:00-5:00p.m on Friday.

2. QUESTION MARK AND EXCLAMATION MARK: a question mark is used following a question in a sentence. - EXCLAMTION MARK: it is used to express strong feeling, emotions, commands, also after exclamtions and interjections.

   • USES AND EXAMPLES
     • QUESTION MARK
       • - Use a question mark only after a direct questions.Ex: What did you do yesterday?
         • - Replaced a period at the end of the sentence. Ex: Have you ever watched this movie?
           • - Avoid the common trap of using question mark with indirect question. Ex: I wonder if he would go witrh me.
         • - Some sentences are statements- or demands-in the form of questions, they are called rhetorical questions because they don't require or expect an answer. Ex: Why don't you take a break.
           • - Use a question mark when a question is half statement and half question. Ex:Snow is not green, is it?
     • EXCLAMATION MARK
       • - The exclamation mark should be mainly used to demonstrate shock, anger or raised voice. Ex: Oh my God! What a fantastic birthday gift!
         • - To use at the end of a interjection. Ex: Ouch! That's hurts!

3. COMMA: separates words, ideas or phrases within a sentence, also indicate a pause.

   • USES
     • - To separate items in a series of three or more things.(Oxford)Ex: My mom cooks meet, fish, and chicken.
       • - To separate independent clauses when they are joined by the following conjunction. Ex: They can go to the party on Friday, or we can watch some movies.
         • - To separate a dependent clause from a independent clause. Ex: When I move to Spain, you can come to visit.
           • - To separate any word or phrase from the rest of the sentence. Ex: Red wine, my favorite, is good for helth haeart.
             • - To separate a quotation from the rest of the sentence. Ex: "I need to eat something, my brother said "
               • - To separate a introductory element from the rest of the sentence. Ex: Excuse me, can you repeat it again.
                 • - To separate the name of city from a country or state. Ex: The conference will be in Acapulco, Mexico next spring.
                   • - To separate the day of the week, the day of the month and the year. Ex: Today is Sunday, May 12, 2021.

4. PERIOD: (.) uses at the end of the sentence or an abbreviation.

   • USES AND EXAMPLES
     • - Declarative sentences simply pass on information. Ex: Your writing is hard to read.
       • - To use period at the end of a imperative sentences or command. Ex: Sit down right now.!
         • - An inderect question ends with a period, not a question mark. Ex: She asked me whay I did not go to school yesterday.
           • - Direct questions questions begin with one of those words: what, who, whre, when, etc. Ex: Where is my cat?
             • - The period is placed inside the quotation mark. Ex: Rosie said they were "on a break."
               • - Sentences end witrh a parenthetical that is part of the larger sentence. Ex: I would like to go La Capital( the new restaurant).

5. COLON: consisting of two equally sized dots place one above the other on the same vertical line.

   • USES AND EXAMPLES
     • - Use a colon to introduca items or a series of items. Ex: You know what to say: repeat.
       • - Avoid using a colon before a list if it directly follow a verb or a preposition. Ex: I want to following: butter, sugar, and flour.
         • - A colon instead of a semi colon may be used between independent clause when the second sentence explains, illustrates, paraphrases the fist sentence. Ex: He got what he worked for: he really earned that promotion.
           • - When listen items by one by one, one per line, following a colon, capitalization. Ex: I want assistant who can do the following: A. input data B. write reports.
             • - Capitalize the firt word or a complete or full-sentence quotation that follows a colon. Ex: The host made as announcement:"You are staying for dinner."
               • - Capitalize the first word after a colon in the information following the colon requires two or more complete sentences. Ex: Dad gave us these rules to live by: Work hard. Be honest. Always show up on time.
                 • - If a quotation contains two or more sentences, many writes and editors introduce it with a colon rathen than a comma: Ex: Dad often said to me: "Work hard. Be honest. Always show up on time"
                   • - Use a colon rathen than a comma to follow the salutation in a business letter, even when addressing someone by his or her first name. Ex: Dear Ms, Rodriguez:
                     • - A colon should not separate a noun fron its verb, a verb from its object or subject complement, a preposition from its object, or a subject from its predicate. Ex: The tree types of muscles in the body are: cardiac, smooth, and skeletal.

6. SEMI COLON: it shows you there's a pause in a sentence; semi colons separete two complete ideas.

   • USES AND EXAMPLES
     • - Semi colons connect related independent clauses. Ex: Martha has gone to the library; Andrewn has gone to play soccer.
       • - I saw a magnificent mouse, and it was eating some cheese/ Isaw a magnificent mouse, it was eating some cheese.
         • - Use semi colons to divide the items of a list of the items are long or contain internal puntuation. Ex: Dante Martinez, a registered nurse; Susan Brooks, a dietician; and Chein-Ling Ko, a physical therapist, attended the meeting.
           • - Use semi colons with conjuctive adverbs. Ex: I'm not all the fond of the colors if tiger lilies; moreover, they don't smell very good.

7. PARENTHESES AND BRACKETS: parentheses is used to contain tect that is not a part of the main sentence. - BRACKETS: are used in pair to separate in texts within a sentences while parentheses are types of brackets.

   • USES AND EXAMPLES
     • PARENTHESES
       • - Communicate to readers that the material inside the parentheses. Ex: He finally answers (after taking 5 minutes to think) that he didn't know about the topic.
         • - To cite authors: there are many different formats for citing authors and sources within a scholary text. Ex: "The proportional carbon contents of this component, 20% is very similar to that found in pine tress (Wistone et al.2010)."
           • - To translate words or short phrases in English: use parentheses. Ex: Germans wish each other 'Guten Rutsch'(happy new year).
             • - To offer examples. When using parentheses for this purpose, always preface your list with "e.g." or other clarifying text. Ex: "While my doctor was glad to hear that I regularly engage in plenty of strength-building physical activities( e.g. yoga pilates, anbd rock climbing).
               • - To difine or restate a word: use parentheses when ypu think that readers may benefic from a brief definition or restatement of a word. Ex:"Sports glambers can spend hours debating the spread (i.e., the number of point between the winner and the loser) of a big upcoming game
                 • - To introduce terms, words or phrases that have a clearly defined meaning or scope. Ex: "Patients were asked to give example of bad experences ( trauma) the have experenced as children, trauma defines as teferring "bad experences."
     • BRACKETS
       • - It is to indicate the word in the original language of a translated work. Ex: "Susan knows how to preparate this delicious, Filipino meat dish [adobo]."

8. QUOTATION MARK: the main function is to highlight and represent the

   • USES AND EXAMPLES
     • - To use appointments is that once opened, they most be closed. Ex: John said, "I really hate when it's hot outside."
       • - After opening quotation marks to cite words or senteces said by a person, it should be started with a capital letter only and when the sentence is complete.Ex: Mr Johson, who was working in his field that morning, said, "The alien spaceship appeared right before might own two eyes."
         • - Do not start with a capital letter after opening quotation marks when oly quoting a phrase or part of the sentence.Ex: He(Mathias) called them (young boys), "loud, smelly and absolutely annoying" and closed the door.
           • - If a direct quotation is interrupted mind-sentence, do not capitalize the second part of the quotation. Ex: "I didn't see an actual alien being, "Mr. Johnson said, " but I sure wish I had."
             • - When we want to take an appoinment where it is already has quotes, we should only use single quotes. Ex: "The Dementor's Kiss' is my favorite in the whole series, "Tom said.

9. ELLIPSIS: is a punctuation mark made up of three dots (...).

   • USES AND EXAMPLES
     • - Replacement for omitted words. Ex: What good fortune...that people don't think.
       • - To create a pause for effect. Ex: Then is appeared...a genie!
         • - To show an unfishened thought. Ex: I know he deserved it, but...
           • - To show a trail off into silent. Ex: We were now on our own.

10. SLASH: is used to indicate the word "or" many cases.

    • USES AND EXAMPLES
      • - To separte words of the website address (URL) on the internet. Ex: https://7esl.com/
        • - Indicate fractions. Ex: 1/2 ( a half/one half)
          • - In dates to separate day, month and year. Ex: He was born on 26/07/1998./Br.E)
            • - For some abbreviation. Ex: w/o (with out).
              • - In place of "OR". Ex: When his/her clien comes, call his on this number.
                • - Express the word "PER".Ex: The price of oil has fallen to $15/barrel.
                  • - Separate line from a poem or a song. Ex: Mary has a little lamb/ little lamb, little lamb/ Mary has a little lamb/ whose fleece was white as snow.
                    • - Show a contradictory notions: Ex: The optimism/pessimism are very popular today.

11. HYPHEN: is a short horizontal line (-) used as a punctuation mark.

    • USES AND EXAMPLES
      • - To join two or more words serving as a single adjective before a noun. Ex: A one-way street, chocolate-covered peanuts.
        • - Use a hyphen with compound numbers. Ex: Forty-six, twenty-one.
          • - Use a hyphen with the prefixes ex-. Ex: Ex-husband, self- steem.