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Infancy And Childhood

Lelas A English

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Tests after birth
- Apgar Score
  - A = Activity
    - P = Pulse
      - G = Grimace (reflexes)
        A = Appearance
        R = Respiration
  - Range: 0-10 points
  - Done 2 times:
    - One minute after birth
    - 5 minutes after birth
Significance of a good placenta
- Placenta functions:
  - Transport nutrients
  - Remove wastes
  - Transport gaseous
- Diameter: 22cm
- Thickness 3cm
- Weight 1 pound (500-600 g )
- 15-20 cotyledons
- Cord is eccentric
- What effect placental health?
  - Maternal age
  - High blood pressure.
  - Abdominal trauma
  - Most common placental problems:
    - Placenta previa
      - Ectopic pregnancy in the internal os
    - Placental abruption
      - Abdominal trauma
    - Placenta accreta
      - Placenta grows deeply into the uterine wall
Breastfeeding
- Advantages:
  - Lower the risk of getting breast\ovarian cancer
  - Speeds the mother's recovering period
  - Decreases postnatal bleeding
  - Increases the relationship between the mother and the baby
    - Love
    - Relaxation
    - Closeness
  - Provides passive immunity
- Hormones
  - Prolactin
    - Produces milk
  - Oxytocin
    - Ejects milk
Weaning methods:
- Process in which baby stops feeding from mother's breast
  - Offering snacks
  - Gradually lowering the amount of times that the mothers breastfeeds
  - starts by a bottle breastfeeding, then to a cup
- Take days to weeks to months
  - Breastfeeding in the morning and night
  - Infant nutrition
    - Carbs
    - Proteins
    - Fats
    - Full fat dairy foods Purees of vegetable and beans Bread, rice and pasta
    - Starchy foods Fruits and vegetables Soft cooked meat, fish
    - 7-9 Months
    - 9-12 Months
    - Avoid what?
      - Salt Sugar Raw eggs Whole nuts
- Factors that hinder weaning
  - If it's too early
  - When the baby is sick
  - Teething
    - Dentation Anatomy
      - Incisor
        Biting and cutting food
      - Canine
        Used for Tearing
      - Premolar
        Grinding
      - Molar
        Grinding and Crushing
      - Shedding
        Primary (Deciduous)
        Secondary(Permanent)
Infantile Colic
- Infants who cry excessively for no apparent reason during the first three months of life
  - Affect 1/5 of babies
  - Signs and symptoms
    - Crying for no apparent reason
    - Difficult to comfort.
    - Discoloring of the face
    - Bodily tension on the baby
    - Intensive crying for 3 hours within 3 days a week
- Causes?
  - Immature digestive system
  - Overfeeding or underfeeding
  - Sensitive babies
  - Allergies or Intolerances
  - Stress
- Treatment
  - It mainly goes away on its own by 3-4 months
  - Rule out common causes of crying
  - Educate parents about soothing strategies
    - Parents challenging and self care for colic stress
      - Parents feel overwhelmed, stressed and tired
      - Parents should keep in mind that they didn’t causes colic and it's normal
      - If mistreated, Shaken Baby Syndrome will occur
  - Excessive crying may indicate a disease
Baby friendly hospital initiative
- Worldwide programmer
- WHO – UNICEF
- 1991
- Improving the role of maternity
- Ensure of breastfeeding support
- Promote and protect baby
- BFHI benefits ?
  - Reducing risk of diseases
  - Longer-term health
  - Providing mothers with the support they need
  - Encourage health of the child
- Why it's important?
  - Successful breastfeeding
  - Help motivate facilities maternity
  - Continue support
  - Protect against diseases
Aim Of Well Baby Clinic
- Deal with the total well-being
- Free care for families unable to pay
- Low-cost health care
- Why it's important?
  - Provision of immunization
  - Protect from any disease
  - Received all of their required immunization
  - Focuses on child well-being
Growth parameters and milestones
- Weight
- Rule of thumb:
  - Double BW: 4-5 months (7 Kg). Triple BW: 1 year (10 Kg). Quadruple BW: 2 years (12.5 Kg). Then annual weight gain 2 - 2.5 Kg between 2 years and puberty.
- Height
- Head circumference
  - For Neonates: OFC>95%- hydrocephalus OFC <3-5% - microcephaly e.g. down syndrome
- Developmental milestones
  - Gross motor
    - Cephalocaudal fashion
  - Fine motor
    - Hands
  - Speech
Vaccination Schedule
- Special situations
  - DTP vaccine
  - Hepatitis A vaccine
  - Hepatitis B vaccine
  - MMR vaccine
Maladaptive behavior
- Attention Defect Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
  - collection of psychiatric disorders
  - difficulty paying attention
  - hyperactivity
  - risky behavior
- Causes?
  - Environment
  - Family history
  - Exposure to toxins
  - Injuries during pregnancy, childbirth, or the first months after birth
- How to deal with it?
  - Right Choice of Food
  - Provide frequent opportunities for him to burn off energy
  - Let Him Choose His Activities
  - Don't Abuse, Scold, OR Accuse Him
Parents counselling
- provides different therapies or modalities that help parents better understand their inherent parenting style.
Child Sexual Abuse
- exchange for something the victim needs or wants
- for the financial advantage or increased status
- The sexual activity may appear consensual
  - Young people often trust their abuser and don't understand that they're being abused
    - it can occur through technology
- Indicators
  - Changes in temperament/ depression / mood swings
    - Secrecy
      - Risky sexuallised behavior
        Drug and alcohol misuse
    - Impact on children?
      - Criminal activity
      - Parenting capacity in the future
      - Teenage parenthood
Gastroenteritis
- infection and inflammation of the digestive system
  - Caused by microbial agents such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi
- Symptoms and prevention
  - abdominal cramps
  - nausea
  - vomiting
  - diarrhea
    - frequent passage of loose or watery stools
      - Microorganisms hinder reabsorption of water by damaging channels in cell membrane of intestinal epithelium
        Acute or chronic
        osmotic and secretory diarrhea
  - prevented by washing hands regularly and avoiding contaminated water
- Dehydration
  - Excessive water loss and insufficient water intake
    - Hypertonicity
      - lethargy, dry skin, and decreased urine production
        increasing thirst and releasing ADH
        Severe dehydration requires oral rehydration solutions (ORS) that replace electrolytes and fluids
        Normal electrolytes and fluids distribution
        60% water
        depending on factors such as age and sex
        The brain and kidneys possess the highest percentage
        bones and teeth contain the lowest proportion
        Body fluids
        ECF
        Sodium chloride is found mostly in extracellular fluid
        ICF 2\3

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Description: Mind Map on Infancy And Childhood, created by Lelas A on 09/12/2021.
Created by: Lelas A
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Infancy And Childhood

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