Psychology: Memory

1. Structural Processing
   1. Looking at how things are put together

      Annotations:

      • Example: How letters make up words
2. Phonemic Processing
   1. How things sound

      Annotations:

      • Example: How words sound
3. Semantic Processing
   1. What things mean

      Annotations:

      • Example: The meaning/definition of words

1. Method of Loci
   1. Associating points of info with rl places

1. Hierarchies
   1. Overarching groups with subgroups

      Annotations:

      • Can be broken down into more specific groups
2. Schemas
   1. Cluster of information

      Annotations:

      • Less organized than hierarchies

1. Iconic Store: Visual
   1. Really quick (250 ms)
   2. Information stays for a short while and then is either processed or lost
   3. Allows people to pick out things from memory

      Annotations:

      • Partial report is more effective than whole report
2. Echoic Store
   1. Longer duration
   2. Categorization of Stimuli

      Annotations:

      • Example: When you ask someone to repeat something they just said but you remember it before they repeat it. 

1. Set Capacity
   1. Miller's Magic Number (7+/-2)
   2. Chunking helps people remember more

      Annotations:

      • Example: Remembering 7 words versus 7 letters
2. Time Limit
   1. 15-30 seconds if not connected with previous memory
   2. Rehearsal allows you to repeat a memory, making it stick

1. Central Executive
   1. Filters to visual or auditory
   2. Interacts with long-term

      Annotations:

      • Pulls out or puts in memories
2. Visuospatial Sketchpad
   1. Holds and maintains visual memories
3. Phonological Loop
   1. Composed mainly of auditory info
   2. Maintains and rehearses info

1. No maximum capacity found (yet)
   1. Time period of memory determined by many factors
2. Amnesia
   1. Anterograde

      Annotations:

      • Can't form new memories after an incident
   2. Retrograde

      Annotations:

      • Don't remember anything before incident

1. Cue could be wrong or too weak to bring memory to forefront

1. Pulling something completely from memory

1. Remember parts of recognize something

1. Remembering the first things seen/heard

1. Remembering the last things seen/heard

1. The closer to the original condition, the more easily something can be rememebered

   Annotations:

   • Could be a physical or mental state

1. Problem-oriented

   Annotations:

   • Remember in a way specific to the problem
2. Fact-Oriented

   Annotations:

   • Remembering things in one way. Example: Flashcards

1. No conscious effort to bring to mind

   Annotations:

   • Examples: Riding a bike, breathing

1. Tendency for one to better recall something if they have something similar in mind

1. Autobiographical memories

1. Facts/figures/knowledge memory

1. "Little brain" (back bottom)
2. Involved in storing motor plans and procedural memory

1. Part of the basal ganglia
2. Habitual processes stored here

1. Outer parts of the brain
2. Where most knowledge is stored

   Annotations:

   • Organized in schemas or hierarchies

1. Memory formation and storage
2. Emotions
3. Consolidation

   Annotations:

   • Movement of memory from short to long-term

1. Retroactive

   Annotations:

   • Something learned recently impairs earlier memories
2. Proactive

   Annotations:

   • Something learned earlier impairs recent info

Annotations:

• To-Do Lists

1. Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

1. False recognition and familiarity

1. Repressed memories may be fabricated

1. Change Bias

   Annotations:

   • Exaggerate the differences between new and old memories
2. Egocentric Bias

   Annotations:

   • Remember things in a way that makes oneself look better
3. Consistency Bias

   Annotations:

   • Exaggerate the similarities between new and old memories

1. "Flashbulb" Memories

   Annotations:

   • Detailed recollection of memory specifics
2. Amygdala is involved along with hippocampus