Swelling in the leg

Swelling in the leg

1. Thigh pain

   • Causes
     • Quadriceps tendonitis
     • Trauma or blood clots
     • Pinched spinal nerve
     • Spinal stenosis
     • ITB friction syndrome
   • Symptoms
     • Swelling, bruising
     • Tenderness
     • Pain while walking
     • Tugging sensation
   • Treatment
     • RICE protocol
       • Rest
       • Ice
       • Compression
       • Elevation
   • Types
     • First degree
       • Cramp or tightness
     • Second degree
       • More severe than grade one injury
     • Third degree

2. Anatomy of thigh

   • Bones
     • Femur
     • Proximal Tibia
     • Patella
   • Muscles
     • Anterior
       • Iliopsoas
       • Sartorius
       • Pectineus
       • Quadriceps femoris
         • Rectus femoris
         • Vastus Medialis
         • Vastus intermedialis
         • Vastus lateralis
     • Medial
       • Gracilis
       • Adductor longus
       • Adductor brevis
       • Adductor magnus
       • Obturator externus
     • Posterior
       • Biceps femoris
       • Semitendinosus
       • Semimembranosus
       • Adductor magnus (ischial)
   • Nerves
     • Femoral
     • Obturator
     • Sciatic
   • Blood supply
     • Femoral a
     • Obturator a

3. Osteosarcoma

   • About
     • Tumor of mesenchymal cells
     • Osteoid formation
     • Mlaes > Females
   • Clinical picture
     • Enlarges progressively
     • Pathological, pain
     • Spreads directly and by blood
   • Pathogenesis
     • Mutation in
       • Retinoblastoma
       • tp53 gene
   • Sites
     • Metaphysis of long bones
     • Proximal and lower end of femur
     • Proximal tibia
     • Proximal humerus
   • Diagnosis
     • MRI
     • CT scan
     • Biopsies
     • Blood tests
   • Appearance
     • Radiological
       • Codmans triangle
       • Sunburst effect
     • NEA
       • Like a mutton leg
       • Hge and necrosis
       • Grayish white
     • Microscope
       • Hyperchromatic
       • Pleomorphic
       • Spindle shaped

4. Consent and psychological factors

   • Consent
     • Before treatment is a legal requirement
     • ​ Undertaking any examination or investigation
     • Providing interventions or treatment ​
     • Involving patients in teaching and/or research
   • Psychological problems
     • Anxiety
     • PTSD
     • Denial
     • Depression
     • Isolation

5. Bone cancer treatment

   • Limb salvage surgery
     • To help save the use and appearance of the limb.
     • To treat cancers of the bone and soft tissue.
   • Other
     • Surgical excision
     • Chemotherapy
     • Radiation
     • Cryotherapy
     • Targeted therapy
   • Limb amputation
     • Types
       • Foot (toes or partial foot)
       • At the ankle
       • Below the knee
       • At the knee
       • Above the knee
       • At the hip
     • Complications
       • CV diseases
       • DVT
       • Pneumonia
       • Slow wound healing
       • Phantom limb pain
     • Done beacuse the limb is infected or gangrenous

6. Bone tumors

   • Osteoblastic
     • Malignant
       • Osteosarcoma
     • Benign
       • Osteoma
       • Osteoid osteoma
       • Osteoblastoma
   • Cartilage
     • Benign
       • Chondroma
       • Osteochondroma
       • Chondroblastoma
       • Chondromyxoid fibroma
     • Malignant
       • Chondrosarcoma
   • Miscellaneous
     • Benign
       • Giant cell tumor
     • Malignant
       • Ewing's Sarcoma
   • Myelogenic
     • Malignant
       • Lymphoma
       • Leukemia
       • Multiple myeloma

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