C2 | Mind Map

Topics
1. Structure of the earth
  1. The lithosphere
    1. The outer layer of the earth
    2. Relatively cold and rigid
    3. Comprises the crust and top part of mantle
    4. Crust is to thick to drill through so we gather data from seismic waves
      1. Produced in Earthquakes
      2. Produced by man made explosions
  2. The mantle is the zone between the core and crust
  3. Convection Currents move plates
  4. Plate tectonic theory
    1. It was not immediately accepted
    2. Only in 1960 when new sea floor spreading evidence was found was this theory accepted
  5. Magma and Rocks
    1. Magma rises up through the earths mantle
    2. Different types of igneous rocks are formed from lava
      1. Runny magma causes iron rich basalt
      2. Thick magma causes silica rich rhyolite
2. Construction Materials
  1. Raw Materials
    1. Clay - Brick
    2. Sand - Glass
    3. limestone + clay - Cement
  2. Cement and Concrete
    1. Thermal decomposition
      1. When one substance breaks down on heating to give at least two new substances
    2. Calcium Carbonate -> Calcium Oxide and Carbon Dioxide
    3. Cement is made when limestone is heated with clay
    4. Concrete is made by mixing cement stones and water
    5. Reinforced concrete
      1. Under compression it is strong
      2. Under tension it is weak
3. Metals and alloys
  1. Copper
    1. Extracting copper
      1. Advantages of recycling copper
        Cheap
        Reduces mining
        Keeps cost of copper down
      2. Disadvantages of recycling copper
        Less copper is mined
        Separating produces pollution
        Many people throw it away
    2. Purrification
      1. Electrolyte of copper(II)
      2. Anode
        Impure copper
        Cu - 2e^- + Cu^2-
      3. Cathode
        Pure copper
        Cu^2+ +2e^-
  2. Alloys
    1. Mixture containing at least one metal
    2. Smart alloys
      1. Return to shape when heated
      2. Nitinol used in glasses frames
      3. Smart alloys are becoming more important as we develop them further
4. Making Cars
  1. Rusting and Corrosion
    1. Rust
      1. Metals that rust
        Iron
        Steel
        Iron + water + oxygen --> hydrated Iron(III) Oxide
      2. Acid rain and salt increase pollution
      3. Rusting is oxidation
    2. Corrosion
      1. Aluminium
        Does not corrode in moist air
        Protective layer of aluminium oxide
        Does not flake
      2. The rate of corrosion depends on the metal
  2. Car Materials
    1. Car Bodies
      1. Iron
      2. Steel
      3. Need to be malleable and strong
      4. Aluminium
        Low density, malleable and does not corrode
    2. Recycling
      1. Advantages
        Saves finite resources
        less crude oil is needed for plastics
        Less landfill
        Less toxic materials are dumped
      2. Disadvantages
        Fewer mining jobs
        Difficult
        Some times very expensive
      3. Laws that make a certain percent of cars be recycled
5. Manufacturing chemicals
  1. The Haber Process
    1. Amonia
      1. The worlds food depends on this for fertilizer
    2. Nitrogen + Hydrogen <=> Ammonia
    3. Reversable
    4. Conditions
      1. Catalyst made of iron
        Increase reaction rate
      2. Temperature of 450 degrees
        Increases reaction rate
      3. High pressure 20MPa
        Increases percentage yield of ammonia
  2. What are the costs
    1. Increase when pressure is raised
    2. Cost decrease when catalysts are used
    3. Economic Considerations
      1. Reaction rate and % yield must be high enough to give a sufficient daily yeld
      2. Optimum conditions give the lowest cost
6. Acids and Bases
  1. Nuetralisation
    1. Metal oxides and metal hydroxides are bases
    2. acid + base -> salt + water
    3. H+ ions (hydrogen ions)
      1. All acids contain these
      2. pH is determined by the concentration of these
        High concentration = low pH
        Low concentration = high pH
    4. OH- ions (hydroxide ions)
      1. Alkalis contain these
  2. Salts
7. Fertilisers
  1. Growing crops
    1. Farmers use fertilisers to increase crop yeilds
      1. They replace essential elements used by the last crop
      2. Nitrogen increase's plant growth by increasing plant protein
  2. Eutrophication
  3. Preparing Fertiliser
    1. Alkali is titrated with acid with indicator
      1. To work out the quantities needed
        This is then repeated without the indicator
        The dissolved fertiliser is then evaporated and crystalised
8. Chemicals from the sea
  1. Salt
    1. It is mined in two different ways
      1. As rock salt
        Can lead to subsidence
      2. Solution mining
        Extracting from brine
  2. Electrolysis of Brine
    1. anode: 2Cl– – 2e– → Cl2 (oxidation) cathode: 2H+ + 2e– → H2 (reduction).
    2. Chlorine is made at anode
    3. Hydrogen is made at the cathode

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	Created by Callum Wardle over 10 years ago