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Evolution of Psychology

Aiyana Reeves Psychology 104 English

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History of Psychology
- William Wundt
  - First Laboratory of Psychology in University of Leipzig (1879)
  - Consciousness / Awareness of immediate experience
  - First to apply scientific method to the field
  - First Psychological Journal in 1881
- G. Stanley Hall
  - Student of Wundt
  - Science of Psychology to America ( vital )
  - Founded / First President of the American Psychological Association
  - First research Laboratory at John's Hopkins University in 1883
  - First Journal in American
- John B. Watson
  - Founded Behaviourism in 1913
  - behaviourism sparked nature vs. nurture
  - Nurture, not Nature
  - Pavlov's Dog
- B.F Skinner
  - Voted most important influence in history of psychology
  - stimulus response pairings
  - control behaviour of rats and pigeons
- Sigmund Freud
  - founded psychoanalytic approach
  - work : Phobias / Irrational fears / anxieties
  - Disturbances were based on personal conflicts on an unconscious level
- Rogers and Maslow
  - Human behaviour is determined by "self-concept" (animals lack)
  - self concept seeks to grow, evolve, and develope
- Donald Hebb
  - Cell assemblies describe neural work
  - begins mapping of the brain
  - cognitive processes can now be observed
- Piaget
  - studied children's cognitive development
- Chomsky
  - Studied language acquisitions / cognitive roots
- Roger Sperry
  - Discovered that the left and right hemispheres of the brain have specialized functions
Key Terms
- Structuralism
  - Led by Edward Tichner.
    - Analyze consciousness into basic elements / Study relation
      - Based on Introspection : careful, systematic self observation of one's own conscious experience
- Functionalism
  - William James
    - Psychology should focus in the function/ purpose of consciousness rather than it structuce
- Behaviour
  - any overt and observable response / activity by an organism
- Stimulus
  - any detectable input from the environment
- Cognition
  - Mental process involved in acquiring knowledge
Seven Major Research Areas
- Personality
- Cognitive
- Social
- Experiemental
- Developmental
- Physiological
- Psychometrics
- Professional Specialties
  - Clinical
  - Education
  - Counselling
  - Industrial
Positive Psychology
- Uses theory and research to understand the positive perspectives of human existence
- Individual strengths and traits
Evolutionary Psychology
- Behaviour : Helping
  - Does not explain altruism - helping others at ones own expense
- Adaptive value for members of the species over the course of generations
- Thought provoking perspective gaining in influence
- natural selection occurs for behavioural as well as physical characteristics