Upper Respiratory Tract

Upper Respiratory Tract

1. Anatomy of the Upper Airway

   • NASAL CAVITY
   • Paranasal sinuses
   • Tongue
   • Pharynx
   • Larynx

2. CAUSES OF SNORING

   • A harsh sound that occurs when air flows past relaxed tissues in you throat, causing the tissues to vibrate as you breath
     • Anatomy
       • Having a low, thick soft palate can narrow your airway.
     • Nasal Problems
     • Pregnancy
     • Alcohol consumption

3. Neurological Control of Breathing

   • Brain stem control of breathing
   • Voluntary breathing
   • Peripheral chemoreceptor

4. Causes of Obstructive Sleep Apnea

   • Recurrent soft tissue collapse in the pharyngeal airways
   • Obesity
   • Male >> Female
   • Smoking
   • Nasal Congestion
   • Signs of Symptoms of OSA
     • Snoring
     • Pauses in Breathing During Sleep
     • Abrupt awakenings
     • Morning headache
     • Clinical Assessment of Polysomnogram
       • a sleep study, is a comprehensive test used to diagnose sleep disorders.
     • Complications of OSA
       • CVS problems:-
         • Systemic & pulmonary hypertension
         • Hypoxia-induced cardiac arrhythmia
         • Cardiac infarction, stroke, and sudden cardiac death
       • Daytime fatigue & sleepiness:-
         • Increased risk of accidents
         • Poor sleep leads to increased appetite and obesity.
         • Eye problems
       • increased risk of vascular dementia
       • OSA increases the risk of COVID-19 severity & hospitalization
       • TREATMENT = GOOD PROGNOSIS
   • Management of OSA
     • Lifestyle changes :
       • Lose weight if you're overweight
       • Exercise regularly
       • Stop alcohol & smoking
     • Surgical removal of tissue
     • Upper airway stimulation
     • jaw surgery (maxillomandibular advancement

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