Negotiation and Decision Making

Negotiation and Decision Making

1. Brainstorming

   • It is a technique used in teamwork to generate new ideas or solve a certain problem. whose objective is to put in contact the thoughts that individual workers have on a subject.
     • main features: moderator,Defined time frame,limit of participants,centralized target
     • Types of brainstorming: Direct,Inverse,Individual,Star,Figure Storming
     • brainstorming techniques: Definition,Ideation,Analysis

2. Kaoru Ishikawa

   • Who was Kaoru Ishikawa? He was born in Tokyo, Japan in 1915,He graduated as a Chemistry engineer from the Tokyo University in 1939 ,He was a member of The Japanese Union of Scientists and Engineers,He is considered one of the 3 most important names in world quality.
     • Contributions : The 7 basic quality tools are: Flow chart, Pareto diagram,Fishbone, cause-effect or Ishikawa diagram, Control chart, Histogram, Dispersion diagram, Statistical processes control.
   • Cause and effect diagram: Also called Ishikawa diagram, It is a visual tool that is used to logically organize the possible causes of a specific problem or effect, showing them graphically in an increasingly detailed way, and suggesting causal relationships between the different hypotheses.

3. Systemic approach to decision making.

   • A systematic approach makes it possible to prepare logical and effective measures, so that the decision-making process can be clearly explained to anyone.
   • Systemic Approach: also considers, in the strategic decision-making process, the inherent learning derived from the decision model which, in turn, takes into account the desires, levels of aspiration and priorities of the subject of the intervention.
   • Decision Making: A decision is to choose between various possibilities, and it is the executive who makes such a choice. A decision can be made immediately, but it usually involves a process of identification, analysis, evaluation, choice and planning to reach a decision.
   • characteristics: interdisciplinary, Qualitative and quantitative at the same time, Creative, Theorical, Organized and Empirical

4. Decision Tree

   • is a map of the possible outcomes of a series of related decisions. It allows an individual or an organization to compare possible actions against each other based on their costs, probabilities, and benefits. It usually starts with a single node and then branches out into possible outcomes. Each of those results creates additional nodes, which branch out into other possibilities. This gives it a shape similar to that of a tree.
     • You can use a decision tree diagram to make decisions in many areas, including operations, budget planning and project management. Whenever possible, include quantitative data and numbers in order to create an effective tree.
     • Capitalization rules: Decision node, Probability node, Alternative branches, Rejected alternative and Terminal node

5. Pareto Chart

   • A Pareto chart is a bar graph. The lengths of the bars represent frequency or cost (time or money), and are arranged with longest bars on the left and the shortest to the right. In this way the chart visually depicts which situations are more significant. This cause analysis tool is considered one of the seven basic quality tools
     • WHEN TO USE A PARETO CHART: analyzing data about the frequency of problems or causes in a process, there are many problems or causes and you want to focus on the most significant, analyzing broad causes by looking at their specific components, communicating with others about your data
       • PRODECURE: Decide what categories you will use to group items, what measurement is appropriate, Decide what period of time will cover, Collect the data, recording the category each time, Determine the appropriate scale for the measurements you have collected,Mark the scale on the left side of the chart. Construct and label bars for each category. Place the tallest at the far left, then the next tallest to its right, and so on. If there are many categories with small measurements, they can be grouped as “other.”