Identity mindmap

What is identity?
1. Personal identity
  1. A way of identifying yourself through personal aspects e.g. your name
2. Social identity
  1. Is how your sense of identity is developed by the way others see you.
How is it formed?
1. Primary Socialisation
  1. The first type of socialisation that happens, this occurs in the family
2. Secondary Socialisation
  1. The second type of socialisation that occurs, this happens through education and the media etc
Social variables - CAGES
1. Class
  1. The upper class, the middle class, the working class
  2. When judging someone on their social class you would take into consideration; their income, possessions, lifestyle and norms and values etc
  3. Views on class
    1. Feminism
      1. Gender inequality; women earn less and gain less power than men.
        Working class women perform unpaid labour such as running a household
    2. Marxism
      1. Conflict between social classes caused by power
        Upper class benefitted most
    3. Functionalism
      1. Society benefits everyone of all social classes
        Needed to make society run smoothly
    4. Postmodernism
      1. Norms and values are always changing, equality is improving.
        The rise of gender diversity
  4. Theorists
    1. Parsons (1995)
      1. Females have an expressive role in the house, whereas males have an instrumental role.
    2. Mac an Ghail (1994)
      1. Focusing on hyper masculinity among males
      2. This includes policing their own and others sexualities, noting the clear insecurity of the working class man as their identity as the breadwinner and the masculine figure is lost.
    3. Jackson (2006)
      1. Women adopting laddish- a form of masculinity. These women labelled as ladettes perform risky duties like drinking and smoking.
2. Age
  1. Seen as a stage in the life course; childhood, youth and adulthood. These are socially determined and structured.
  2. Views on class
    1. Feminism
      1. Women are largely judged by factors such as age.
        Society favours young or young looking women
    2. Marxism
      1. Ageist conflict is necessary
        Adults have the most power and benefit most whereas children are negatively treated
    3. Functionalism
      1. Age has no relation to social benefits
        Adults and children will remain to be treated differently to benefit society.
    4. Postmodernism
      1. Young people are taking over and possibly taking advantage of their education to be taken more seriously
      2. Technology is advancing by young people
  3. Theorists
    1. Postman (1982)
      1. The creation of the innocent child
        A rise of parents protecting their children from dangers such as sexuality and death
        As technology is emerging the innocent child figure is disappearing
    2. Featherstone and Hepworth (2005)
      1. The media can positively and negatively change attitudes of ageing.- more positive images occur as the population is ageing
        This is shown through retro fashions being mimicked in today's society
3. Gender
  1. Being male or female- this is said to have a huge effect on how people view you
  2. This links to the gender roles put in place within society for both genders. - being feminine and masculine.
    1. As society evolves the gender roles begin to become less relevant.
  3. Gender roles have changed over time- women were previously the housewife role and men being the breadwinner, however women are more focusing on their careers
  4. Views on gender
    1. Feminism
      1. Gender equality doesn't exist, society is patriarchal
      2. Secondary socialisation cam be harmful to women (causes body image issues.)
    2. Marxism
      1. Pop culture distracts society from gender inequality
        Conflict theory- gender inequality is necessary
      2. Society benefits those in power (in a patriarchal society) males benefit most.
    3. Functionalism
      1. Society benefits everyone in different ways- no matter their gender.
      2. Gender roles are vital in society, with the roles it allows society to run smoothly.
    4. Post Modernism
      1. Norms and values in gender are always changing- equality is improving
      2. Gender diversity is widely emerging, altering gender roles.
  5. Masculinity
    1. 2 types
      1. Aggressive masculinity
        Socially desirable aggressiveness, desired by working class
      2. Hegemony masculinity
        Socially desirable masculinity, desired by middle class
  6. Theorists
    1. Parsons (1995)
      1. Functionalist- gender is natural and reinforced
4. Ethnicity
  1. Ethnicity relates to culture and how we all have an ethnic identity.
  2. As society develops there becomes a range of cultural characteristics that make determining ethnic identity more complex.
  3. Views on ethnicity
    1. Feminism
      1. Supporting equality of all females- ethnicity should not divide them.
    2. Marxism
      1. Ethnic conflict is needed when there is equality.
        The ideal ethnicity - which in most western countries is white people would be given the most power and benefits in society
    3. Functionalism
      1. Society benefits all ethnicities
      2. Certain ethnicities should remain unequal to keep society running smoothly
    4. Postmodernism
      1. Equality is slowly improving
        The creation of international movements for equality- Black Lives Matter
  4. Theorists
    1. Hewitt (2005)
      1. Studied the negative perception of multiculturalism.
        White working class people were noted to defend their ethnicities from ethnic minorities
    2. Winston James (1993)
      1. Experience of racism unified identities of African- Caribbeans
        Their unified culture adopted the label "black" to prevent racism in the UK
5. Sexuality
  1. Society and especially the media seem obsessed with images relating to secuality.
  2. Feminists in particular are concerned with the way in which women are portrayed through their sexuality.( As sexual objects for men to objectify.)
  3. Views on sexuality
    1. Feminsim
      1. Heteronormativity is still the norm, women are sexualised for men in the media- pornography and prostitution.
        Linked to domestic violence and rape in society.
        Women are objectified and treated as products of an orgasm
    2. Marxism
      1. heterosexuality is the norm because it serves capitalism
        It reproduces children to become workers to later exploit.
      2. Society is distracted by popular culture
    3. Functionalism
      1. Roles ensure society is running smoothly , this includes the role of heteronormativity
      2. The traditional nuclear family is believed to be best.
    4. Post-modernism
      1. Sexual diversity is establishing among society
      2. Media starts normalising homosexual relationships
  4. Theorists
    1. Rich (1980)
      1. Womens sexuality is oppressed by the patriarchy, this is by objectification
        Women take part in a compulsory heterosexuality, they are socialised into heterosexual role for men, lesbian identity is erased or seen as a threat to males or again objectified.
    2. Weeks (1991)
      1. "sexual identification is a strange thing"
        Sexuality is more complex than other aspects of identity
        People may or may not participate in sexual activity with those they are sexually attracted to

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	Created by aebannister almost 9 years ago