Physics

Physics

1. Decay

   • Alpha
     • Emits a Helium atom
   • Beta
     • Beta - Decay
       • Emits an electron an antineutrino and a proton
     • Beta + Decay
       • Emits a positron a neutron and a neutrino

2. Classification of Particles

   • Leptons (lightest)
     • electron | muon | neutrino
   • Hadrons
     • baryons (heaviest)
       • protons | antiprotons | neutrons | antineutrons
     • mesons (heavy)
       • pions | kaons

3. Particles/antiparticles and photons

   • Particles
     • electron
       • charge of -1.6*10^-19 and a mass of 9.11* 10^-31
     • proton
       • charge of 1.6*10^-19 and a mass of 1.67*10^27
     • neutron
       • no charge and a mass of 1.67*10^27
     • neutrino
       • practically no mass or charge
   • Antiparticles
     • antineutron
     • antiproton
     • positron
     • antineutrino
     • Antiparticles have the same rest energy and mass as their corresponding particle
       • neutron | antineutron
       • proton | antiproton
       • electron | positron
       • neutrino | antineutrino
   • Photons
     • Photons are packets of electromagnetic energy
       • Its energy quation is E =hf = hc(hc/λ)

4. Limitations of Physical Measurements

   • Prefixes
     • G
       • Giga: 1000000000
     • M
       • Mega: 1000000
     • k
       • kilo: 1000
     • n
       • nano: 0.000000001
     • μ
       • micro: 0.000001
     • m
       • milli: 0.001
     • c
       • centi: 0.01
     • d
       • deci : 0.1
     • da
       • deca: 10
     • h
       • hecto : 100
     • T
       • Terra: 1000000000000
     • p
       • pico: 0.000000000001
     • f
       • femto: 0.000000000000001
     • P
       • Peta: 1000000000000000
   • Errors
     • Zero Error
       • Equipment doesnt say 0 when it isnt measuring
     • Technique Error
       • i.e. not avoiding parralax when reading an analog voltmeter
     • Calibration Error
       • Not calibrating equipment well enough i.e. it being degrees of the real measurement
     • Unit Error
       • Using the incorrect unit of measurement such as milligrams instead of kilograms

5. Particle Interactions

   • Feynmann Diagrams
     • particle repulsion
     • electron capture
     • electron proton capture
     • Beta + Decay
     • Beta - Decay
   • Annihilation
     • A particle collides with its respective antiparticle resulting in 2 photons

6. Quarks and Anitquarks

   • Quarks
     • down
       • charge -1/3 e baryon number 1/3 strangeness 0
     • strange
       • charge -1/3 e baryon number 1/3 strangeness -1
     • up
       • charge is + 2/3 e baryon number is 1/3 strangeness is 0
     • meson quarks
       • 2 quarks (quark and antiquark)
     • baryon quarks
       • 3 quarks
   • Antiquarks
     • Antiqurarks are the opposite of each respective quark are represented with a overscore have opposite charge strangness and baryon number but their mass and rest energy stay the same

7. Constituents of the Atom

   • The subatomic particles
     • Nucleon
       • Neutrons
       • Protons
     • Electrons

8. Stable and unstable nuclei

   • Unstable
     • Radioactive nuclei which is most isotopes (nuclei containing a greater number of protons than the regular amount
   • Non radioactive nuclei

9. Application of Conservaton Laws

   • The only thing that isnt conserved is strangeness

10. Wave Particle Duality

    • Electron Diffraction is a light property supporting it being a wave
    • The photoelectric effect is a light property supporting it bing a particle
    • De Broglie's wavelength is used to prove that light can be both a particle and a wave

11. The photoelectric effect

    • The photoelectric effect is an experiment which shows how electrons are liberated from a metal via photons

12. Energy Levels

    • Electrons with atoms
      • Atoms get excited and raise energy levels via photon absorption
    • photon emissions
      • used in flourescent tubes to emit photons repeatedly to shine