3970053
Changes in Surgery
(1845-1945)
- Anaesthetics
- Ether
- Worked because
patient felt no
pain
- American dentist
called William Moston
- Put patients to sleep for
a short time
- However: It irritated
eyes and caused
coughing and vomiting
- 1846
- Worked because
patient felt no
pain
- Chloroform
- 1847
- James
Simpson,
Scottish doctor
- Worked but fear of
long term side effects
- Some believed
that it was
unnatural to
ease women's
labour pains
- Hannah Greener died after being given
chloroform which heightened controversy
- 1848
- 1848
- 1857
- Final
breakthrough
- Queen Victoria used
chloroform in the birth of
her 8th baby
- Became common as
backed by the Queen
- Final
breakthrough
- 1847
- Pain was an obstacle as it could put people off having life saving operations
- Ether
- Antiseptic Surgery (fighting germs)
- Carbolic Acid -
Joseph Lister
- Decided to use carbolic
acid after reading
Pasteur's report
- He wanted to find
a way to kill germs
rather than just
preventing them
- Made the
connection
that germs
were coming
from doctors'
hands
- Made the
connection
that germs
were coming
from doctors'
hands
- Used it to spray
anything that might
come into contact
with the wound
- Problems
- Cracked
surgeon's skin
and irritated
- Made
everything
smell
- For people who still
believed that speed
was the key, it slowed
them down too much
- It was
expensive
- Doctors didn't like
being told what to do
- It didn't work as effectively for some
surgeons because they weren't as systematic
- Cracked
surgeon's skin
and irritated
- 1867 the
English
surgeon began
to develop his
antiseptic
- went on to use sterilised tools
- Decided to use carbolic
acid after reading
Pasteur's report
- Carbolic Acid -
Joseph Lister
- Aseptic Surgery (preventative)
- Germ theory - 1861,
Pasteur's recommendations
- Have clean hands
- Have clean
instruments (rapidly
heated - sterilised)
- Use only lint
bandages and sponge
previously heated to
130-150 degrees
- Have clean hands
- From 1887, all
interments were
steam sterilised
- German surgeons
developed techniques to
keep the germs away
- These techniques
became common in
the operating theatre
- These techniques
became common in
the operating theatre
- 1889 - Halstead
introduced latex
gloves after
problems with
sore hands due
to carbolic acid
- Protected patient as well as surgeon
- Also introduced
caps, masks and
gowns to surgery
- Protected patient as well as surgeon
- Germ theory - 1861,
Pasteur's recommendations
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