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1_C5- Chemicals in the Atmosphere
- Dry air is a mixture of
- 78% Nitrogen
- 21% Oxygen
- 1% Argon
- 0.04% Carbon Dioxide
- made of molecular substances
- low melting and boiling points
- held together by very strong covalent bonds
- but have weak forces of attraction
- but have weak forces of attraction
- pure ones don't conduct electricity as molecules aren't
charged. No free electrons or ions to move.
- low melting and boiling points
- 78% Nitrogen
- Covalent bonding is
sharing electrons with atoms
- each one provides one extra
shared electron for each
atom
- both atoms have a full outer shell
- each atom involved has to make
enough covalent bonds to fill up its
outer shell
- both atoms have a full outer shell
- atoms bond due to electrostatic attraction
- between the positive nuclei & the
negative electrons shared between them
- between the positive nuclei & the
negative electrons shared between them
- each one provides one extra
shared electron for each
atom
- Hydrosphere
- contains compounds that can be dissolved
- ionic compounds called
salts -why the sea is
'salty'
- sodium chloride - NaCl2
- magnesium chloride - MgCl2
- potassium bromide - KBr
- made up of charged ions
- ions with opposite charge are strongly
attracted to one another.
- giant lattice formed
- very ionic bonds
between all the
ions
- very ionic bonds
between all the
ions
- giant lattice formed
- ions with opposite charge are strongly
attracted to one another.
- high melting and boiling
points as the forces of
attractions are very strong
- conducts electricity
when dissolved
- ions separate and are free to move
- able to carry electric current
- able to carry electric current
- ions separate and are free to move
- sodium chloride - NaCl2
- ionic compounds called
salts -why the sea is
'salty'
- contains compounds that can be dissolved
- identifying positive ions
- sodium - orange/yellow flame
- potassium - lilac flame
- calcium - brick-red flame
- copper - blue-green flame
- copper - blue-green flame
- calcium - brick-red flame
- potassium - lilac flame
- add sodium hydroxide to metal
hydroxide to form a precipitate
- Calcium, Ca 2+ // white precipitate // Ca2+(aq)+2OH-(aq) = Ca(OH)2 (s)
- Copper (II), Cu2+ // blue precipitate //Cu2+(aq)+2OH-(aq)= Cu(OH)2 (s)
- Iron (II) Fe2+ // green precipitate // Fe2+(aq)+2OH- (aaq) = Fe(OH)2 (s)
- Iron (III) Fe3+ // reddish precipitate // Fe3+(aq)+3OH-(aq) = Fe(OH)3 (s)
- ionic equation (half equation)
- Ca2+(aq)+2OH-(aq) = Ca(OH)2 (s)
- Ca2+(aq)+2OH-(aq) = Ca(OH)2 (s)
- ionic equation (half equation)
- Iron (III) Fe3+ // reddish precipitate // Fe3+(aq)+3OH-(aq) = Fe(OH)3 (s)
- Iron (II) Fe2+ // green precipitate // Fe2+(aq)+2OH- (aaq) = Fe(OH)2 (s)
- Copper (II), Cu2+ // blue precipitate //Cu2+(aq)+2OH-(aq)= Cu(OH)2 (s)
- Calcium, Ca 2+ // white precipitate // Ca2+(aq)+2OH-(aq) = Ca(OH)2 (s)
- sodium - orange/yellow flame
- identifying negative ions
- hydrochloric acid can help detect
carbonates
- sulfates identified with
hydrochloric acid and barium
chloride
- halides identified by nitric acid
and silver nitrate
- hydrochloric acid can help detect
carbonates
- lithosphere
- Earth's rigid outer layer
(crust and a bit of mantle)
- made up of a mixture of
minerals, silicone, oxygen and
alumnium
- made up of a mixture of
minerals, silicone, oxygen and
alumnium
- carbon forms giant covalent
structure
- diamond -four covalent bonds, hard
substance, high melting point, does
not conduct electricity, insoluble
- graphite - three covalent bonds, soft
substance, high melting point, conducts
electricity (lose electrons/ions to move),
used for electrodes
- diamond -four covalent bonds, hard
substance, high melting point, does
not conduct electricity, insoluble
- Earth's rigid outer layer
(crust and a bit of mantle)
- metals from
minerals
- metal ore - compound in lithosphere. rock
containing enough metal to economic
- iron ore - haematite
- copper ore - chalcopyrite
- some metals can be extracted by
carbon reduction
- 2Fe2O3 (s) + 3c (s) = 4Fe(s) + 3Co2 (g)
iron (III) oxide + carbon = iron +
carbon dioxide
- when a metal oxide loses its oxygen it is REDUCED
- when a metal oxide loses its oxygen it is REDUCED
- 2Fe2O3 (s) + 3c (s) = 4Fe(s) + 3Co2 (g)
iron (III) oxide + carbon = iron +
carbon dioxide
- finite resource
- recycling
- recycling
- iron ore - haematite
- metal ore - compound in lithosphere. rock
containing enough metal to economic
- electrolysis
- decompisition of a substance
using electricity
- liquid needed
(electrolyte) needed
to conduct electricity
- electrolytes
usually free ions
dissolved in water
or molten ionic
compound
- free ions conduct
electricity
- flow of electrons allow complete eletrical circuit
- flow of electrons allow complete eletrical circuit
- free ions conduct
electricity
- electrolytes
usually free ions
dissolved in water
or molten ionic
compound
- electrons are taken away from ions
at the positive electrode and given
to other ions at the negative
electrode
- as ions gains or lose electrons they become
atoms or molecules
- as ions gains or lose electrons they become
atoms or molecules
- liquid needed
(electrolyte) needed
to conduct electricity
- decompisition of a substance
using electricity
- calculating masses
- Ar = relative atomic mass
- Mr = relative formula mass
- MgCl2 - Mg (24) Cl2 (35.5x2) =95
- Mg(OH)2 - Mg(1x24)+(16+1)x2=58
- MgCl2 - Mg (24) Cl2 (35.5x2) =95
- C = 12
- Mr = relative formula mass
- atom relative mass
- mass of metal in the ore
- mass metal / relative formula mass
- multiply by the mass of compound
- multiply by the mass of compound
- mass metal / relative formula mass
- mass of metal in the ore
- Ar = relative atomic mass
- metal
- metallic bonds involve free electrons
- come from outer shell of every
metal atom in the structure
- positively charged metal ions are
held together by a sea of free
electrons
- good conductors of heat and electricity
- strong and malleable
- high melting and boiling points
- good conductors of heat and electricity
- positively charged metal ions are
held together by a sea of free
electrons
- come from outer shell of every
metal atom in the structure
- metallic bonds involve free electrons
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