Psychology Paper 1

Psychology Paper 1

1. Social influence

2. Memory

   • The MSM was the first model of memory including Sensory, STM and LTM. It is unitary, linear and chonological as information passes from stage 1,2,3. Sensory info passes to STM via attention, then STM to LTM with elborate rehersal. It's lost when we don't revisit the info
     • SUPPORTING EVIDENCE: Clinical studies of people with Korsakoffs Syndrome from chronic alcholism. They can carry out a convo (STM) but cannot remember they had it ( passing it onto LTM imparied). This supports the idea it is unitary and separate stores
     • SUPPORTING EVIDENCE: case study of KF's motorcycle accident meant he had brain damage with no effect on the LTM but poor performance on many STM tasks, supporting the idea there are separate stores physically and of memory.
       • Think KF - KFC is long away in America so he had to be on a motorbike
     • LIMITATION - Lacking face validity. We don't always have to reherse something for it to stick in our head, such as if it was funny or significant. Also what is distinctive to me may not be to other people so individual differences in human memory influence how info goes to LTM, which the MSM doesn't account for. Too much emphasis on rehersal when we may JUST remember it!
   • Working Memory Model was made 2nd by Badderley + Hitch which goes into more depth of STM. All components work together simultaneously. The central exec is the boss and decides where all the info goes to and what info we pay attention to -- with little to no capacity as it's only passing through. The VSP is around 3-4 items and is coded visually hence VISUO. PL has 2 seconds worth of speech and coded acoustically. The episodic buffer was added in 2000 and brings together info from other components, linking to LTM and has a limited capacity of ~4 chunks,
   • Types of LTM are: Semantic, episodic and procedural. Episodic is small snippets of our life like a birthday party or a funny trip. Procedural is movements we don't have to consciously think about like walking or riding a bike. Semantic memories are our general knowledge such as the capital of France - we still have to consider it. My A level LTM is all mostly semantic from the MEANING, but can be procedural if I remember a funny way he told me
   • STM research
     • CAPACITY -- JACOBS -- ppts had a series of letter/digits and had to recall them back in order. The list increased in length by singles until made consistent mistakes. Average span 5-9 items. digits were recalled better than letters. STM span increased with age such as 8yr, 6.6 and 19yr, 8.6
     • DURATION -- PETERSO+PETERSO -- Presented nonsense trigrams to ppts and asked them to recall after different amounts of seconds. Prevented from rehersing by asked to count back in 3's from 999. Found if rehersal is prevented, recall is negatively effected with max duration being 18-30sec
     • CODING -- BADDELEY -- ppts had list A or B. A was acoustically similar and B acoustically DISimilar. Had to rearrange the order that had been scrambled. A (similar) performed worse with 10% recall, suggesting STM is coded acoustically
   • LTM research
     • CAPACITY -- simply assumed to be limitless
     • DURATION -- BAHRICK -- a longitudinal study of school leavers, 400 ppts between 17-74. Shown photos and names of old classmates and asked to identify. Fount people 90% of people could remeber names nad faces after 15yrs. 80% names. 70% faces after 48yrs!
     • CODING -- BADDELEY -- One of 2 word lists. One semantically similar and other semantically DISimilar. 20 mins after they had to rearrange them in the right order after being jumbled. Semantically similar performed worse with 55% recall! Suggestin g LTM is coded on a semantic basis
   • Cognitive interview helps recall traumatic memories : Context reinstatement to remember the sensory and environment. Tell everything you know, no matter how small bcs it could be useful. Tell it from someone else's perspective to help break up cognitive schemas. Tell it backwards to help break up cognitive schemas and purposeful lying.
   • Explanations for forgetting
     • Interference theory consists of PROactive interference when PRevious info distrupts new. Where do you live? Cote green road as it's previous. RETROactive interference when REcent info distrupts old. When I learned the correct way to do a backspin, the new info took the place of the old.
     • Retrieval failure is when there is an absence of cues with -- CONTEXT dependent forgetting and STATE dependent forgetting. Context is the environment you learn it in and if it's not the same place you recall it, memory is meant to be bad. State is if you learnt info while drunk it would technically be harder to recall sober because the situations are different of learning and recall. The Internal cues can be mood, emotional and physiological (drunk).
       • SUPPORTING EVIDENCE: Godden and Baddeley -- 18 divers learnt 36 unrelated words and/or underwater or land and/or asked to free recall underwater or land - a repeated measures design. They found when the place of learning + recall was the same, recall was higher at 13.5 and 11.4 compared to 8.5 and 8.6.
         • However repeated measures, they could've got demand characteristics and worked harder to get it when in the place if they got the aims of the study
       • SUPPORTING EVIDENCE -- Goodwin -- male volunteers x3 UK drunk driving limit. Learnt a list of words drunk or sober and recalled in same/different physiological state 24hrs later. Recall was better when they were in the same state as learning showing memory is better when the internal mental state is consistent.
         • Only males -- lack of generalisability, some may have different alcohol tolerences even at the same x3 limit of uk law so individual differences. We are not told if this was controlled for or not. Lacks validity then. Demand characteristics possibly? Some may also just have better memory ability

3. Attatchment

   • Asocial, INdiscriminate, Discriminate, Multipile attachment

4. Psychopathology

   • OCD
     • Obsessions
     • Compulsions
     • Hypothalamus, threat? Mutation...
   • Depression
     • Inability to function adequetely
     • Lower dopamine?
   • Phobias
     • Flooding
     • Gradual exposure

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