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423349
Physiology of Hearing
Description
Degree Psychology (Perception) Mind Map on Physiology of Hearing, created by natalieclark29 on 12/07/2013.
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perception
psychology
psychology
perception
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Mind Map by
natalieclark29
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Created by
natalieclark29
almost 11 years ago
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Resource summary
Physiology of Hearing
Function of Hearing
Sounds are created when objects vibrate
Vibrations of object cause molecules in object’s surrounding medium to vibrate as well, which causes pressure changes in medium.
Sound waves and air pressure
Sound travels through air at 340 m/s
Basic sound wave qualities
Amplitude
Intensity
Frequency
Perceptual components of sound
Pitch
Loudness
Duration
Timbre
Hearing
20 - 20000 Hz
Ratio between the faintest and loudest sound is more than 1:1,000,000.
Mammalian Auditory System
Outer ear
Sounds collected by pinnae
Funnelled from pinnae to ear canal
Length and shape of ear canal enhance sound frequencies
Main function is to insulate the tympanic membrane
Middle ear
Ossicles
Stapes
Transmits vibrations to oval window
Incus
Malleus
Muscles
tensor tympani
Stapedius
Muffle pressure changes
But there's a delay of 1/5 of a second so cannot protect against abrupt noises
Inner ear
Changes in sound pressure transform into neural signals
Cochlea
Contains organ of Corti
specialised neurons called hair cells, dendrites of auditory nerve fibres that terminate at base of hair cells, and scaffold of supporting cells
Inner Hair Cells carry most (90%) of the information out of the cochlea
Outer Hair Cells receive majority of information into the cochlea
sharpen the displacement pattern of the basilar membrane
improve sensitivity to sound; they make response thresholds lower.
Works by motility of the hair cell body and/or the stereocilia
Damage leads to broad tuning
Canals
Tympanic
Vestibular
Middle
Membranes
Reissner's
Basilar
cannot account for the sharpness of frequency in the auditory system
The auditory nerve
Responses of individual AN fibres to different frequencies are related to their place along the cochlear partition
Frequency selectivity: clearest when sounds are very faint.
Threshold tuning curve
rate saturation
isointensity curves
Rate intensity
Auditory cortex
Tonotopic organisation
Maintained in primary auditory cortex (A1)
Neurons from A1 project to belt area, then to parabelt area
Hearing Impairment
Obstruction
Ear wax
Conductive hearing loss
Caused by problems with the bones of the middle ear, (e.g., during ear infections, otitis media)
Otosclerosis
More serious type of conductive loss.
Caused by abnormal growth of middle ear bones; can be remedied by surgery
Sensorineural hearing loss
Injured hair cells
Hearing loss
Consequence of aging
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