43590
Stress [3]
- Explaining daily hassles.
- Accumulation effect: Accumulation
of minor daily stressors which
creates persistant irritations,
frustrations + overloads. Results in
serious ...
- ...Stress reactions, such as anxiety + depression.
- ...Stress reactions, such as anxiety + depression.
- Amplification effect: Chronic stress
caused by negative life events may
deplete a person's resources, making
them more vunerable to the
influence...
- Real-World application.
- Gulian et al found that ppts who
reported a difficult day at work
tended to report highter levels of
stress on their drive home.
- When unresolved hassles from
the day (e.g. arguements with
fellow workers) were carried
forward, events such as the
behaviour of other road users...
- ...Were more likely to be
interpretated negatively by the
stressed driver.
- ...Were more likely to be
interpretated negatively by the
stressed driver.
- When unresolved hassles from
the day (e.g. arguements with
fellow workers) were carried
forward, events such as the
behaviour of other road users...
- Pets as Daily hassles: Miller et al
found gender differences in the impact
of pets on an individuals life. For
femailes, pets were commonly...
- ...Associated with uplifts (e.g. lesuire),
but for males they were more lkely to be
associated with hassles (e.g. cost of
upkeep)
- ...Associated with uplifts (e.g. lesuire),
but for males they were more lkely to be
associated with hassles (e.g. cost of
upkeep)
- Gulian et al found that ppts who
reported a difficult day at work
tended to report highter levels of
stress on their drive home.
- Accumulation effect: Accumulation
of minor daily stressors which
creates persistant irritations,
frustrations + overloads. Results in
serious ...
- Workplace stress.
- Marmot et al (1997) How? Longitudinal
studies- Over 7000 civil servants were asked
to complete a quesionnaire on workload, job
control + The amount of
- Social support recieved they recieve
from others. The researchers also
checked for signs of CD. 5 yrs later, the
ppts were reassessed to see if...
- Their health status changed. Showed?
Marmot et al found no link between high
workload + stress related illness suggesting
that workload was not signif
- ...Factor in the development of stress-related
illness. However, other studies (Johansson et al)
have found that performing repetitive jobs that...
- Require high levels of attention +
responsibility were related to
stress-related illness.
- Require high levels of attention +
responsibility were related to
stress-related illness.
- ...Factor in the development of stress-related
illness. However, other studies (Johansson et al)
have found that performing repetitive jobs that...
- Their health status changed. Showed?
Marmot et al found no link between high
workload + stress related illness suggesting
that workload was not signif
- Social support recieved they recieve
from others. The researchers also
checked for signs of CD. 5 yrs later, the
ppts were reassessed to see if...
- Control: Cival servants who initially
reported low levels of job control were
more likely to have developed heart
disease than those who reported...
- ...High levels of job control.
Association was independent of
employment grade or other risk factors
such as smoking, or physical activity.
- The critical risk factor for the
development of heart disease
was the level of control.
- The critical risk factor for the
development of heart disease
was the level of control.
- ...High levels of job control.
Association was independent of
employment grade or other risk factors
such as smoking, or physical activity.
- Evaluation.
- Individual differences: Schaubroeck et al
found that workers respond differently to lack
of control. Some people are less stressed by
having no...
- ...Control or responsibility + show better
immune responses in such situations.
- ...Control or responsibility + show better
immune responses in such situations.
- Individual differences: Schaubroeck et al
found that workers respond differently to lack
of control. Some people are less stressed by
having no...
- Marmot et al (1997) How? Longitudinal
studies- Over 7000 civil servants were asked
to complete a quesionnaire on workload, job
control + The amount of
- Type A + Type B personalities.
- Friedman + Rosenamn
described the Type A personality.
- Competitiveness + achievement striking.
- Impatience + Time urgency.
- Hostility + Aggressiveness
- Characteristics believed to lead to raised BP and an
increase in levels in stress hormones, both linked to ill
health, development of CHD.
- Competitiveness + achievement striking.
- Type B - Contrast - E.g. easy going,
relaxed, decreases risk of stress.
- F + R (1960) Natural experiment + structured
interview used to assess the personality of 3000
men between the ages of 39 + 59.
- Questions also assessed the way
the men responded to everyday
pressures. Ppts were classed as
Type A or Type B.
- Heart Attacks (A) - 12.8% (B) 6.0%
--Recurring Heart Attacks (A) - 2.6%
(B) 1.1% --Fatal Heart Attacks (A)
2.7% (B) 1.1%
- Showed? 8 yrs later, twice as many (12%) of
those who had Type A personalities died of
cardiovascular problems than those who were
classified as TypeB
- Questions also assessed the way
the men responded to everyday
pressures. Ppts were classed as
Type A or Type B.
- Friedman + Rosenamn
described the Type A personality.
- Hardy Personality.
- Kobasa + Maddi - Claim that some people are
more resistant to the harmful effects of strees
because they have a "Hardy Personality" which
consists of:
- Control: Hardy people see themselves as
being in control of their lives rather than
being controlled by external factors.
- Commitment: Hardy people are involved with
the world around them + strong sense of
purpose.
- Challange: Life challanges are seen as
problems to overcome rather than
stressors.
- Challange: Life challanges are seen as
problems to overcome rather than
stressors.
- Commitment: Hardy people are involved with
the world around them + strong sense of
purpose.
- Control: Hardy people see themselves as
being in control of their lives rather than
being controlled by external factors.
- Kobasa (1979) - How? The stress scrores of
800 business executieves were determined
using Holmes+Rahe's SRRS + Hardiness was
assessed using hardiness
- Showed? Found
that 150 of the
executives were
experiencing high
levels of stress.
However individuals
differed in their
illness record over
the same..
- ..Period. Those with low
levels of illness were
more likely to have scored
high on all 3
characteristics of the
Hardy Personality + vice
versa.
- Maddi et al. Measured hardiness in employees of
a company- dramatically reducing workforce over
a period of 1 year. Found that 2/3 suffered
stress...
- ...Related illness over the year, but the other third
thrived, showing evidence of the three
components of the Hardy Personality.
- ...Related illness over the year, but the other third
thrived, showing evidence of the three
components of the Hardy Personality.
- Maddi et al. Measured hardiness in employees of
a company- dramatically reducing workforce over
a period of 1 year. Found that 2/3 suffered
stress...
- Evaluation.
- Negative affectivitiy: May
be a simpler
explananation. Individuals
with high NA dwell more
on their failures +
Negative aspects of
themselves and...
- ...More likely to report disatisfaction +
distress (Watson + Clark) Suggests
that "Hardy" individuals are simply
those that are low on NA.
- ...More likely to report disatisfaction +
distress (Watson + Clark) Suggests
that "Hardy" individuals are simply
those that are low on NA.
- Real world application: Concept of
hardiness has been used to explain
why some soldiers remain healthy,
even under the extreme stress of
combat.
- 1990 Gulf War soldiers,
soldiers with higher levels
of hardiness were better
able to cope with combat
stress without developing
stress-related illness
- 1990 Gulf War soldiers,
soldiers with higher levels
of hardiness were better
able to cope with combat
stress without developing
stress-related illness
- Negative affectivitiy: May
be a simpler
explananation. Individuals
with high NA dwell more
on their failures +
Negative aspects of
themselves and...
- ..Period. Those with low
levels of illness were
more likely to have scored
high on all 3
characteristics of the
Hardy Personality + vice
versa.
- Showed? Found
that 150 of the
executives were
experiencing high
levels of stress.
However individuals
differed in their
illness record over
the same..
- Kobasa + Maddi - Claim that some people are
more resistant to the harmful effects of strees
because they have a "Hardy Personality" which
consists of:
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