4444740
Description
Mind Map by Catherine Wolfe, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Catherine Wolfe
about 8 years ago
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Second Language Acquisition
Processes and Theories
- Jim Cummins' Theories of
Bilingualism & Cognition
- Cognitive Academic
Language Proficiency
- The language
necessary to
understand
and discuss
content in the
classroom
- More abstract
language
- Helps teachers identify and
teach the type of language that
students need to acquire for
academic success in the
classroom
- The language
necessary to
understand
and discuss
content in the
classroom
- Cognitive
Approach to
Language
- Learners already have
considerable knowledge of the
world
- Learners already have
considerable knowledge of the
world
- Critical Literacy
- Component of
educational
reform
- Literacy requires the
literate consumers of
text to adopt a critical
and questioning
approach.
- Literacy requires the
literate consumers of
text to adopt a critical
and questioning
approach.
- Component of
educational
reform
- Coercive vs.
Collaborative Relations
of Power
- Coercive- the exercise
of power by a dominant
group to the detriment
of a subordinated group
- Collaborative- power can
be generated in
interpersonal relations
- Coercive- the exercise
of power by a dominant
group to the detriment
of a subordinated group
- Basic Interpersonal
Communicative Skills
- Language children
acquire in early
years of life
- Conversational
Fluency
- Language children
acquire in early
years of life
- Cognitive Academic
Language Proficiency
- Noam Chomsky and
Universal (or
Transformational)
Grammar
- "All human language rests on
innate building blocks of
expression"
- Every language...
- Can have its own unique
features
- Shares the same
basics of verbs, nouns,
adjectives, etc.
- Can have its own unique
features
- Language is a set of rules
that human beings
unconsciously know and use
- The goal of
transformational
grammar is to understand
and describe these
internalized rules
- The goal of
transformational
grammar is to understand
and describe these
internalized rules
- Thought that children
do not need to be
taught language
- Examples of this in the
classroom could be comparing
the same phrase in multiple
languages
- "All human language rests on
innate building blocks of
expression"
- Dell Hymes and
Communicative Competence
- The knowledge that enables language
users to "convey and interpret messages
and to negotiate meanings interpersonally
within specific contexts."
- Involves social
functions of language...
- Like requesting, agreeing,
refusing, telling a story, etc.
- Like requesting, agreeing,
refusing, telling a story, etc.
- Task-Based Learning
- Students use real life language as
they perform authentic activities
that accomplish content
objectives of the lesson
- Students use real life language as
they perform authentic activities
that accomplish content
objectives of the lesson
- Examples of using this in the
classroom include role play, games
and communicative activities
- Code-switching
- The alternating use of two languages on
the word, phrase, or sentence level
- Used...
- To emphasize a point
- For ease and efficiency
of expression
- Because a word is
unknown in one of the
languages
- To emphasize a point
- The alternating use of two languages on
the word, phrase, or sentence level
- The knowledge that enables language
users to "convey and interpret messages
and to negotiate meanings interpersonally
within specific contexts."
- Lev Vygotsky and Social
Constructivism
- Emphasizes the role of social
interaction in the development
of language and thought,
where language joins with
thought to create meaning
- Takes into account
the role language
plays in social
interaction
- Zone of Proximal
Development
- The distance between the actual
developmental level as determined by
independent problem solving and the
level of potential development... under
adult guidance or in collaboration with
more capable peers
- Social interaction between
adults and students occurs
in this zone
- The distance between the actual
developmental level as determined by
independent problem solving and the
level of potential development... under
adult guidance or in collaboration with
more capable peers
- Examples of this in
the classroom are
when teachers have
to adapt to the level
of the student and
provide guidance to
help students work
with eachother
- All teaching and learning
takes place within the...
found in families
- Memories
- Experiences
- Cultural habits
- Memories
- Emphasizes the role of social
interaction in the development
of language and thought,
where language joins with
thought to create meaning
- Larry Selinker's
Interlanguage Theory
- Thought that in SLA,
learners use 4 types of
knowledge...
- Knowledge about the
second language
- Competence in the native language
- Ability to use the functions of language
- General word knowledge
- Knowledge about the
second language
- The hypothesis asserted that the
learners language should be
viewed as creative and not as an
incomplete form of the target
language
- Second language learners
draw from 3 sources of
information...
- The rules of their
own language
- A general knowledge
about the way
languages work
- Rules of the new
language they acquire
gradually
- The rules of their
own language
- Compatible with error
analysis and data-driven
teaching
- The teacher can use the errors the student makes
when speaking or writing in the classroom to gain
insight into the instruction that must follow later on
in the class.
- Thought that in SLA,
learners use 4 types of
knowledge...
- Stephen Krashen's Monitor Model
- Acquisition Learning
Hypothesis
- Distinguishes SLA
from learning
- Distinguishes SLA
from learning
- Natural Order
Hypothesis
- There is a predictable
order of acquisition of
English morphemes
- Children acquire
correct usage of
grammatical
structures in their
second language
gradually
- There is a predictable
order of acquisition of
English morphemes
- Monitor
Hypothesis
- The monitor is an
error detecting
mechanism
- It scans for accuracy
and edits the utterance
either before or after
attempted
communication
- It cannot
always be
used
- It scans for accuracy
and edits the utterance
either before or after
attempted
communication
- The monitor is an
error detecting
mechanism
- Input Hypothesis
- "Comprehensible" input
- Language is acquired in
an "amazingly simple
way-when we understand
messages"
- "Comprehensible" input
- Affective Filter
Hypothesis
- Addresses emotional
variables that can
block input from
reaching the
language-acquisition
device
- Addresses emotional
variables that can
block input from
reaching the
language-acquisition
device
- This model is best seen in
classrooms where an
encouraging environment
promotes learning and
raises self-esteem as
students learn English
- Acquisition Learning
Hypothesis
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