Memory

Memory

AMNESIA
1. PSYCHOLOGICAL
  1. 1.Organic amnesia - head trauma
  2. 2.Infantile amnesia - forgetting childhood
  3. 3. Repression amnesia - forgetting events you repressed
2. Causes of Amnesia- stroke, head injury, herpes, anoxia (no oxygen to the brain) and korsokoffs syndrome (alcohol abuse)
  1. Brain Areas Korsokoffs affects - subcortical Anoxia affects - Cortical
3. EXAMPLE - HMs epilepsy cured when temporal lobes were removed
  1. Mostly HMs hippocampus and Amygdyla removed = he had anterograde amnesia
    1. 5. Anterograde amnesia - loss of mem after trauma
      1. TEMPORAL
        4. Retrograde amnesia - forgetting what happened before trauma
4. Amnesiacs good at IMPLICIT/NON-DECLARITIVE - skill learning, priming (memory triggered by cues)
  1. 3. Mann et al - amnesias impaired in recalling words (verbal) and faces (visual)
  2. 1. Reed & Squire - amnesiacs only remembered famous names (out of new vocab, pulic events & famous names) =evidence of priming
  3. 2. Schater, 1987 - also found amnesiacs better at implicit than explicit tests
  4. EVIDENCE FOR
  5. 1. Koppelman & Stanhope, 1998 - amnesias performed the same as controls
  6. 2. Schater et al, 1995 - amnesias had impaired implicit
  7. 3. Aggleton & Brown, 1999 - these studies FOR, 'lump' all amnesias together...theres different types
  8. EVIDENCE AGAINST
5. Developmental Amnesia - Jon, 34, was born prematurely with 50% reduced hippocampus. He forgets everyday objects
  1. Enactment Effect, Englekamp, 1998 - read vs. read and perform
    1. READ UP ON THIS!
6. Aggleton & Brown - Two distinct Memory Systems
  1. Hippocampus system (remember) Perirhinal system (know)
    1. Patient QX - damage to left dorsomedial (in perirhinal) which impaired his anterograde mem and executive functions (dual tasks, planning/organising)
      1. Testing the memory systems - QX had 50 words to learn then showed 50 new words. Had to say whether he remembered or knew
        Predicted QX could recall but wouldnt be familiar
        BUT he couldn't recall but was familiar
        The two system theory was incorrect
Everyday Memory
Biology of Memory
1. Overview of memory
  1. Multi-store model ATKINSON & SHIFFRIN 1968
    1. INPUT
      1. Sensory Store
        Short term store
        Long term store
        OUTPUT
        Rehearsal into Permanent Memory Store
        Rehearsal, Coding, Decisions and Retrieval
        Iconic and Echoic
        EVIDENCE FOR - Iconic (delayed cues impair) Echoic (suffix effect impairs auditory memory) - Sperling, 1960
    2. EVIDENCE
      1. SHORT TERM - Chunking, 7 Digit Span - Miller, 1957
        Needs Rehearsal - Murdock, 1961
      2. LONG TERM - Primary Recency Effect - Grazner and Kunitz, 1966
  2. Working Memory Model BADDELEY & HITCH, 1974
    1. Visuo-Spatial Sketch Pad VSS
      1. Central Executive CE
        Phonological Loop PL
        Stores for 1-2 sec > transfers visual info to speech
        PL EVIDENCE - Word length effect - remember shorter words (to say out loud) Baddeley et al
        Planning/Organising; dual-tasks; selective attention
        CE EVIDENCE - Stroop effect (Kahnmen & Henik)
      2. VISUAL CACHE; form + colour INNER SCRIBE; Movement/Spatial.Transfers info to CE
        VSS EVIDENCE - spatial task activates right; visual task activates left - (Smith & Jonides)
    2. Episodic Buffer - Baddeley added this later for general storage - integrates range of info into one episode w.g. driving
  3. Long Term Memory - SQUIRE, 1992
    1. Declaritive - Explicit (Conscious)
      1. Episodic - events, birthdays, episodes that happened last week
      2. Semantic - Knowledge of words/meanings
      3. EVIDENCE - Elaborative Processing - Likability Rating (Gratzner & Madler)
    2. Non-Declaritive - Implicit (Unconscious)
      1. Skill Learning, Driving, Swimming, Walking
      2. Priming - Memory prompted by cues
      3. Conditioning - memory prompted by behaviour (dog salivating)
      4. EVIDENCE - Shallow Processing - Letter spotting (Gratzner & Mandler)
  4. SUMMARY - WMM better that MMM - explains partial deficits (one segment can be damaged) however limits of CE not known
2. NEURONS AND SYNAPSES
  1. Neuron transmits/processes info; Synapse - area where communication occurs; Neurotransmitter - substance that communicates 1-2-1 with two neurons
    1. Neurons learn by repeated occurence then synapse gets strengthened = structural changes. The changes increase transmission of learning = learning
      1. Hebb Synapse - Hebb, 1949
        Hebb Synapse (increased learning) leads to long-term potentiation (change) (LTP)
        Behaviourally (rats condittioned to get out of murky water)
        Neurophysiologically - synapses become sensitive/change in reactivity of postsynaptic neuron
        LTP in hippocampus; NMDA receptors in hippocampus represent biological basis of long-term memory
      2. Structural Changes
        Habituation - decline in response to stimulus repeatedly presented
        Sensitisation - system responds more strongly to a stimulus because its noxious (harmful)
        Aplysia Snail - Habituation (when touched, gill withdraws but soon stops), Sensititation (pinch tail, rapid withdrawl gets stronger)
        Kandel, 1991

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	Created by Amberlee Green about 11 years ago